Delighted to join the conference, “Japan, the United States, and the Future of World Order,” hosted by the Kissinger Center at SAIS/Johns Hopkins. My paper argues that the tremendous changes in Japan’s security environment — a more dangerous security threat from China, and a less powerful and credible U.S. ally — require Japan to change its longtime security strategy, the “Yoshida Doctrine.” Japan’s strategic options include reconciliation and accommodation of China, the revitalization of the US-Japan alliance (requiring Japan to bring significantly more capacity to the alliance), and a more independent stance that hedges against both Chinese aggression and American abandonment with an independent nuclear arsenal.