Government – Office of the Registrar Archives

Chair: M. Anne Sa’adah

Professors J. M. Carey, L. L. Fowler, J. O. Freedman, N. M. Kasfir, R. N. Lebow, M. F. Mastanduno, J. B. Murphy, M. A. Sa’adah, A. C. Stam, R. F. Winters, W. C. Wohlforth; Associate Professors L. Baldez, D. G. Becker, M. C. Herron, D. C. Kang, D. A. Turner, D. J. Vandewalle; Assistant Professors D. J. Brooks, S. G. Brooks, M. K. Dimitrov, L. A. Swaine, B. A. Valentino; Visiting Professors A. I. Abramowitz, E. A. Young; Visiting Associate Professors C. E. R. Bohmer, N. B. Duthu, R. G. Shaiko; Visiting Instructor J. R. Smith; Adjunct Assistant Professor C. H. Wohlforth; Research Professors R. D. Masters, D. A. Stone.

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE MAJOR (Class of 2008 and later)

Political Science is a highly diverse field united around a core interest. Political scientists study power, and especially power used for public purposes: how it is created, organized, distributed, justified, used, resisted, and sometimes destroyed. American political science is traditionally divided into four subfields: American Politics, Comparative Politics, International Relations, and Political Theory and Public Law. Students may choose to study within one of these subfields or may choose courses according to some other intellectual plan. Students are required to complete and submit a Plan of Study Form prior to filing for the major.

Prerequisite: One course in statistics and the methods of social science: Government 10 or its equivalent (Social Science 10, Psychology 10, Economics 10, Sociology 10, Mathematics 10, Mathematics and Social Sciences 15 or 45).

Requirements: The Government Major comprises at least ten courses chosen to constitute an intellectually coherent program. These courses should include:

1. Two introductory courses.

2. Six additional courses at any level.

3. An advanced seminar or the Honors Program as the Senior Culminating Experience (see below).

4. An additional advanced seminar.

The Culminating Experience. To meet the requirement of an integrative academic experience in the Major, all Majors will be required to complete one of the following:

a. Advanced Seminar (81-89). The Department offers advanced seminars in each of the major subfields of political science. To complete the Major in Government, a student must take an advanced seminar consistent with the goals of the student’s program. Seminar requirements will include a research paper in which each student has the opportunity to integrate material from the study of political science in the analysis of a specific issue or phenomenon. It is expected that under normal circumstances seminar size will not exceed 16. Students are encouraged to take additional advanced seminars.

b. Honors Program. The Department offers an Honors Program. Seniors participating in the program and completing the thesis (whether or not they receive honors) will thereby fulfill the culminating experience requirement. Those who enter the program and do not finish the thesis, but complete at least one term of Government 80, may, with the approval of the Director(s) of the Honors Program, be given credit for completing the requirement.

c. Third Upper-Level Course in Subfield. This option is available only to students who can show that neither the Honors Program nor an advanced seminar will be available or appropriate for meeting the requirement. A student may petition to satisfy the requirement by writing an extensive paper (approximately 25 pages) in an additional upper-level course consistent with the student’s program. This option requires both Departmental permission and the written approval of the instructor and must be recorded before the term in which the course is taken. Instructors will not approve these requests unless they will be able to devote time outside class meetings to directing the student’s work.

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE MAJOR (Class of 2007 and earlier)

Requirements: The Government Major comprises at least ten courses including:

1. Two introductory courses (Government 3, 4, 5, or 6).

2. Two upper-level courses in the subfield of one of the two introductory courses.

3. An advanced seminar or the Honors Program as the Senior Culminating Experience (see below).

4. An additional advanced seminar in any subfield in which the introductory course has been taken.

5. Four additional courses at any level, including 80s level courses (or three additional courses if the Culminating Experience is the Government 98/99 Honors Program), of which one must be in a subfield not covered by the two introductory courses (not to include Government 10 or any of its equivalents).

The subfields are: American Government, 3, 30s and 83s; Comparative Government, 4, 20s, 40s and 84s; International Relations, 5, 50s and 85s; Political Theory and Public Law, 6 or 3, 60s, 70s and 86s.

The Culminating Experience. To meet the requirement of an integrative academic experience in the Major, entailing extensive writing in an area of political science for which the student has prior work, all Majors will be required to complete one of the following:

a. Advanced Seminar (81-89). The Department will offer advanced seminars in each of the major subfields. To complete the Major in Government, a student must take an advanced seminar in a subfield for which the introductory course and two upper-level courses have been completed prior to the term of the seminar. Seminar requirements will include a research paper in which each student has the opportunity to integrate material from the study of political science in the analysis of a specific issue or phenomenon. It is expected that under normal circumstances seminar size will not exceed 16. Students are encouraged to take additional advanced seminars.

b. Honors Program. The Department offers an Honors Program. Seniors participating in the program and completing the thesis (whether or not they receive honors) will thereby fulfill the requirement. Those who enter the program but do not finish the thesis, but complete at least one term of Government 80, may, with the approval of the Director(s) of the Honors Program, be given credit for completing the requirement.

c. Third Upper-Level Course in Subfield. This option is available only to students who can show that neither the Honors Program nor an advanced seminar will be available or appropriate for meeting the requirement. With petition to the Department’s Curriculum Committee, and after completion of the introductory course and two upper-level courses (another advanced seminar or intermediate course) in a subfield, a student may satisfy the requirement by writing an extensive paper (approximately 25 pages) in a third upper-level course in that subfield. This option also requires the written approval of the instructor and must be recorded before the term in which the course is taken. Instructors will not approve these requests unless they will be able to devote time outside class meetings to directing the student’s work.

Special Provisions

1. Under College policy, Government 7 (First-Year Seminar) may not be counted toward the major.

2. Please check with the Government Department for current rules and procedures regarding transfer credits.

3. Transfer students will normally be expected to complete at least five of the ten courses required for the major on campus, or in courses taught by members of the Department.

4. Unlike other Departments whose higher course numbers indicate advanced level, Government courses numbered 11-79 are all of intermediate level. Higher numbers simply indicate different subfields.

5. No course may count toward both the Major and a Minor.

6. Major GPA is figured on all Government courses taken (not including the prerequisite).

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE MINOR (Class of 2008 and later)

Students are required to complete and submit a Plan of Study Form prior to filing for the minor. The Minor in Government shall consist of:

1. Two introductory courses;

2. Four upper-level courses, chosen to constitute an intellectually coherent program (Government 10 may count as one of the upper-level courses);

3. One advanced seminar consistent with the goals of the student’s program.

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE MINOR (Class of 2007 and earlier)

The Minor in Government shall consist of:

1. Two introductory courses (Government 3, 4, 5, or 6);

2. Three upper-level courses in the subfield (see Requirements for the Major) of one of the two introductory courses;

3. Two additional courses at any level (Government 10 may count as one of the two additional courses).

4. Any one of the above courses must be an advanced seminar.

Special Provisions

1. Under College policy, Government 7 (First-Year Seminar) may not be counted toward the Minor.

2. Transfer students will normally be expected to complete at least four of the seven courses required for the Minor on campus, or in courses taught by members of the Department.

MODIFIED MAJORS

As a consequence of the introduction of the Minor, the Department of Government has discontinued the Modified Major, effective with the class of 2003. This includes both Modified Majors in which Government was the primary component (e.g., Government Modified with History) and those in which it was the secondary component (e.g., History Modified with Government). Students who seek to modify a major in another department with courses in Government may do so by using the option of a Modified Major without indication of the secondary department (e.g. History Modified).

CAREER COUNSELING AND SPECIAL PROGRAMS

Department faculty members serve as advisors to all students majoring in Government. In addition, designated members of the staff advise students who are considering graduate work and those who may wish to pursue careers in law, diplomacy, politics, or other aspects of public affairs. Members of the Department also assist the Rockefeller Center in the administration of a variety of special student internship programs.

OFF-CAMPUS STUDY

Off-Campus Program in London

The Department of Government sponsors a foreign study program at the London School of Economics and Political Science during the fall term. Sixteen students will be selected for the program during the preceding winter term; Government 4 and Government 5 or equivalents serve as prerequisites. Students take two courses with members of the LSE Department of International Relations (Government 90 and 91). The third course (Government 92) is a seminar with the Dartmouth faculty member accompanying the group. For further information, see one of the following staff members: Kasfir, Lebow, or W. Wohlforth.

Off-Campus Program in Washington

Students in any major may apply to participate in the Government Department’s off-campus program, which is held in Washington, D.C., during the spring term. The program offers three course credits for the following: an internship journal that relates the work experience to the academic studies (Government 93), a research paper written in conjunction with the internship (Government 94), and one regular departmental course (Government 95) offered in Washington by the supervising faculty member. Applications are received during the fall, and interviews and selections occur during that term. In Washington, students spend their time on an internship or research during the day, a weekly seminar, and weekly guest speakers drawn from the Washington community (officials, reporters, lobbyists). For further information, see one of the following staff members: Shaiko or Winters.

HONORS PROGRAM

The Government Department Honors Program provides qualified undergraduates with an opportunity to complete independent research under the supervision of the members of the Department. Participants define and analyze a specific issue or hypothesis in the field of political science and write a thesis (normally 75 to 125 pages in length). Students should consider the possibility of participating in the Honors Program when first planning their major. Students must take courses providing necessary preparation in their sophomore and junior years and an advanced seminar in their junior year (or, when offered, a course on “scope and methods” of political inquiry) to allow them to develop a proposal. Students interested in participating in the Government Department Honors Program should obtain information on the Program from the Department Office.

Formally, the Honors Program consists of submission and acceptance of a proposal by the end of the spring term of the junior year and of completion of an Honors thesis within the framework of a two-course sequence during the senior year. Government 98 (fall) and Government 99 (winter).

Each student writing an Honors thesis will be supervised by an advisor or advisors who, insofar as possible, have expertise in the area concerned. Students are responsible for securing an advisor from the Government Department by the end of the spring term of their junior year. Participation in Government 98 and 99 also entails regular interaction among Honors students under the direction of the Department’s Honors Program Director(s). The Director(s) share with thesis advisors responsibility for determining grades for the two courses.

Admission to the Honors Program and enrollment in Government 98 are granted by the Directors if the following requirements are met:

1. Grade point average of 3.3 or higher overall and 3.5 or higher in the major.

2. Completion of six Government courses, including the introductory course, two upper-level courses and one advanced seminar in the subfield in which the thesis is to be written (or a course on “scope and methods” in political inquiry).

3. Submission of a proposal by the end of the junior year, and approval by the advisor and the Honors Program Director(s).

4. A written statement by a faculty advisor, submitted as part of the thesis proposal, supporting the proposed thesis and indicating a willingness to supervise the student. Advisors must confirm that they will be in residence during the terms when they have responsibility for supervising the Honors thesis.

Admission to the Honors Program will be granted by the Director(s) of the Honors Program and advisor(s) if they approve the thesis proposal and are satisfied that the student has the ability to conduct the necessary research. Students enrolled in Government 98 who, for any reason, cannot continue in the Honors Program may have their course enrollment converted to Government 80 (Readings in Government) and complete the requirements for this course under the supervision of their original advisors. Conversion must be formally recorded with the Registrar.

GOVERNMENT WEBSITE

Please check the Department website at http://www.dartmouth.edu/~govt/ for further information, including updated course offerings.

INTRODUCTORY COURSES

3. The American Political System

05F: 9S06W, 06S: 10A06F: 9S07W: 10A

An examination of the American political process as manifested in voting behavior, parties and their nominating conventions, interest groups, the Presidency, Congress, and the Judiciary. Special emphasis is placed on providing the student with a theoretical framework for evaluating the system including discussions of decision-making, bargaining, and democratic control. Dist: SOC. Class of 2007 and earlier: WCult: NA. Class of 2008 and later: WCult: W. D. Brooks, Herron, Shaiko, Winters.

Comparative Politics

05F, 06S, 07W: 1007S: 10A

This course will introduce students to the field of comparative government and politics through an examination of selected political systems. Special attention will be given to analytic techniques involved in the study of the field and to certain basic concepts, such as power and political culture, decision-making, and communications. Dist: SOC or INT. Baldez, Carey, Dimitrov, Sa’adah.

5. International Politics

05F: 2A06W, 06S, 06F, 07W, 07S: 10

This course introduces the systematic analysis of international society, the factors that motivate foreign policies, and instruments used in the conduct of international relations. Particular attention is given to power and economic relations; to cultural differences that may inhibit mutual understanding or lead to conflict; to nationalism and other ideologies; to the requisites and limits of cooperation; and to the historical structuring and functioning of international institutions. Dist: SOC or INT. S. Brooks, Lebow, Stam, Valentino, W. Wohlforth.

6. Political Ideas

05F: 206W: 2A06S, 06F: 207W: 2A07S: 2

This course introduces student to political theory by reading and discussing classic works. We will discuss the meaning and significance of law, justice, virtue, power, equality, freedom and property. Readings may include: Plato, Aristotle, Augustine, Aquinas, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Burke, Kant, Hegel, Tocqueville, Mill, Marx and Nietzsche. Class of 2007 and earlier: Dist: PHR. Class of 2008 and later: Dist: TMV. Kasfir, Murphy, Swaine.

7. First-Year Seminars in Government

Consult special listings

POLITICAL ANALYSIS

10. Quantitative Political Analysis

05F, 06S, 07W, 07S: 10

This course will provide students with useful tools for undertaking empirical research in political science and will help them to become informed consumers of quantitative political analysis. The course will first consider the general theoretical concepts underlying empirical research, including the nature of causality, the structure and content of theories, and the formulation and testing of competing hypotheses. The course will then employ these concepts to develop several quantitative approaches to political analysis. Students will be introduced to two statistical methods frequently used by political scientists, contingency tables and linear regression. By learning to systematically analyze political data, students will gain the ability to better conduct and evaluate empirical research in both its quantitative and qualitative forms. Serves as the prerequisite to the major and may be taken under the NRO option. Because of the large overlap in material covered, no student may receive credit for more than one of the courses Government 10, Economics 10, Mathematics 10, Psychology 10, Social Sciences 10, Mathematics and Social Sciences 15 or 45, or Sociology 10 except by special petition. Dist: QDS. Herron.

14. The Arab-Israeli Conflict (Comparative Politics or International Relations)

Not offered in 2005-2006; may be offered in 2006-2007

For the better part of a century, the conflict over Palestine has defied resolution.þ The tensions and instability it has generated have profoundly affected - and been affected by - both international relations and the domestic politics of a wide range of countries.þ This course examines the changing external and local forces that have shaped the confrontation.þ Using primary as well as secondary sources, we will try to understand how the various parties to the conflict have defined its stakes, understood their interests, viewed their adversaries,þ mobilized support, and formulated policy.þþ We will consider grassroots politics as well as elite calculations.þ We will look at the role played by ideas, institutions, material interests, and leadership, at both the regional and the broader international levels.þ We will end by assessing the current prospects for a settlement. Dist: INT; WCult: NW. Sa’adah.

18. Introduction to Game Theory (pending Faculty approval)

06S, 07S: 11

Game theory is used to study how individuals or organizations interact strategically, and this course introduces game theory with a focus on political science applications. Insights from game theory are essential to understanding many facets of politics, such as international relations and political party competition. Among other topics the course will cover Nash equilibria, normal and extensive form games, and the basics of repeated games. The course will also focus on how simple games, like the prisoner’s dilemma and chicken, can be used to understand patterns of human and organizational behavior. Herron.

19. Topics in Political Analysis

Not offered in 2005-2006; may be offered in 2006-2007

This course will enable regular or visiting faculty members to examine political topics not treated in the established curriculum. Subjects may therefore vary each time the course is offered. Dist: Varies.

COMPARATIVE POLITICS: ISSUES

20. Topics in Comparative Politics

06F: 10A07W: 2A

This course will enable regular or visiting faculty members to examine topics in Comparative Politics not treated in the established curriculum. Subjects may therefore vary each time the course is offered. Dist: Varies

In 06F, Elections and Reform. This course examines the problem of how politicians and policies are selected by citizens. The mechanics of elections (rules, procedures) have enormous impact on what sorts of choices voters are offered, what sorts of coalitions politicians form, and whose interests get represented in the policymaking process. For this reason, politicians fight tenaciously to shape the rules under which they compete. This course will investigate what rules matter, and why, and will draw from a broad array of cases to examine the most important issues at stake in current electoral reforms around the world, and here in the United States. Dist: SOC. Class of 2007 and earlier: WCult: NA. Class of 2008 and later: WCult: W. Carey.

In 07W, Economic Growth and Reform in the Third World. Countries in developing regions of the world face a number of unique challenges within a globalized economy as their financial and trade links become ever closely intertwined with those of powerful, developed countries that dominate international economic institutions. Drawing on a wide range of case studies, this course investigates some of these new developments in the world economy. What strategies can developing countries adapt in order to develop most efficiently in a global market-oriented economy? How can a country maximize its chances for economic success, and what precisely is the role of international financial and trade institutions in their development? Readings in this course range from theoretical academic writings on development strategies to policy pieces written by local practitioners and by those working for international financial and trade institutions. Vandewalle.

22. Righting Wrongs

06S: 10A

This course examines the intellectual and political issues that arise as societies try to cope with the legacies of past injustice (including slavery, genocide, and colonialism). Dist: SOC or INT. Class of 2008 and later: WCult: CI. Sa’adah.

23. The Politics of Asian Development

Not offered in 2005-2006; may be offered in 2006-2007

This course provides an introduction to the newly industrializing countries (NICs) of East Asia: Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore. The course examines two major questions: first, why did these countries grow so rapidly during certain stages of their economic development? Second, what were the political foundations that provided the basis for their respective development paths? Topics to be covered include alternative explanations for the economic development experience of these countries, the politics of economic policy-making, the role of specific policies in the process of industrialization, historical influences on economic growth, and the impact that growth has had on the process of democratization.

Prerequisite: Government 4, or permission of the instructor. Dist: SOC or INT. WCult: NW. Kang.

25. Problems of Political Development: India, South Africa and China

Not offered in 2005-2006; may be offered in 2006-2007

Is democratic government always better than the alternatives? In the contemporary world, what is the relationship between economic development, democratic politics, and political order? What kinds of justice does democracy promote? This course will address these questions by examining institutional arrangements, elite politics, and popular movements in India, South Africa, and China.

Prerequisite: Government 4. Dist: SOC or INT; WCult: NW. Sa’adah.

27. Revolutions and War of Independence: State-building, Anarchy, and Globalization (pending Faculty approval)

06X: 10

For leaders of revolutions and of wars of independence in the Third World, victory creates a number of opportunities and challenges to build (or rebuild) states, and to fashion distinctive state-society relations. Focusing on Algeria, Cuba, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam and Iran, this course explains why some political regimes succeed in doing so successfully, while other states languished or descended into anarchy. In the final part of the course we look at the growing role of global institutions like the United Nations in local state-building efforts and governance. Vandewalle.

28. Democratization and Democratic Theory

06S: 2A

The democratic movement has changed the politics of countries throughout Eastern Europe, Africa, Asia and Latin America during the last two decades. But whether each of the countries that has adopted democratic forms will actually practice democracy is another question. To understand what is involved, we will discuss what constitutes democracy, which factors and processes facilitate and which inhibit its adoption and its institutionalization. We will consider the contemporary challenges to democracy in terms of both the great issues posed by democratic theorists and philosophers and the authoritarian, military, religious, ethnic, and economic problems faced by countries undergoing democratization.

Prerequisite: Government 4, Government 6, or any 20s or 40s series course, or by permission of instructor. Dist: SOC or INT. Kasfir.

AMERICAN GOVERNMENT

30. Topics in American Government

Not offered in 2005-2006; may be offered in 2006-2007

This course will enable regular or visiting faculty members to examine topics in American Government not treated in the established curriculum. Subjects may therefore vary each time the course is offered. Dist: Varies.

31. Campaigns and Elections

07W: 2A

This course examines two major areas of American politics: the behavior of voters in elections and the behavior of candidates in campaigns. The first few weeks of the course focus on the fundamental questions of voting behavior. Why do people vote in elections? Does Party affiliation mean anything to voters? Do issues matter in elections? Do candidate traits make a difference to voters? Which of these things matters most? Finally, do campaigns matter to election outcomes? This question motivates the second portion of the course. Campaign institutions such as debates, advertisements, media coverage, polls, nominations, voting rules, and financing are discussed. Potential reforms are debated.

Prerequisite: Government 3 or permission of the instructor. Dist: SOC. Class of 2007 and earlier: WCult: NA. Class of 2008 and later: WCult: W. Fowler.

32. American State Politics

Not offered in 2005-2006; may be offered in 2006-2007

A study of the American federal system of government in which authority is distributed between the national and state governments. Readings, lectures, and discussions will focus specifically on likely explanations of the origins, maintenance, and/or changes in public policies in the states. Specific topics include the original and changing federal relationship, cooperative, competitive, and ‘free rider’ relationships among the states, public policy preferences of the public in the states, and similarities and differences among major political institutions in the states.

Prerequisite: Government 3, or permission of the instructor. Dist: SOC. Class of 2007 and earlier: WCult: NA. Class of 2008 and later: WCult: W. Winters.

33. American Parties and Politics

Not offered in 2005-2006; may be offered in 2006-2007

This course explores the history, nature, and functioning of American political parties. Topics covered include general concepts and theories of parties, the party in the electorate, the party as an organization, the party in the electoral process, and the party in government. The course will also survey alternative futures for the American party system.

Prerequisite: Government 3, or permission of the instructor. Dist: SOC. Class of 2007 and earlier: WCult: NA. Class of 2008 and later: WCult: W.

34. Congress and the American Political System

07W: 10A

This course introduces students to the analysis of public policymaking in the U.S. Congress. Special attention is paid to the evolution of the House and Senate as institutions, to elections and to the interactions among elections, institutional arrangements, and policymaking.

Prerequisite: Government 3, or permission of the instructor. Dist: SOC. Class of 2007 and earlier: WCult: NA. Class of 2008 and later: WCult: W. Fowler.

36. The Making of American Public Policy

06F: 2A

This course examines the process through which public policy is made in the United States. Topics covered include the nature and goals of public policy, the various stages of the policy process, and the different models of and factors involved in policy making. The course seeks to explain why policy making in the U.S. is mostly ‘incremental’ in character, i.e., involves only marginal departures from the status quo. The course also explores the conditions under which non-incremental change is feasible or even likely.

Prerequisite: Government 3, or permission of the instructor. Dist: SOC. Class of 2007 and earlier: WCult: NA. Class of 2008 and later: WCult: W. Fowler.

37. Public Opinion

06W, 07S: 2A

This course examines the connection between public opinion and political behavior, primarily in the contemporary American setting. The first part of the course focuses on the nature and origins of public opinion. The second part explores the links between public opinion and political behavior with particular attention paid to election outcomes, policy making, and issues of tolerance.

Prerequisite: Government 3 or permission of the instructor: Dist: SOC. Class of 2007 and earlier: WCult: NA. Class of 2008 and later: WCult: W. D. Brooks.

38. Government and Business

06W, 07W: 11

A study of the interrelationship of government and business, analyzing governmental assistance to, and regulation of, business. Readings and discussion will focus on the economic and political forces which shape governmental assistance and regulation, and the consequences of assistance and regulation on business activities and the attitudes and beliefs of business leaders. Specific topics examined will be the political business cycle, economic and political theories of regulation, inter-state mobility of business, and the influence of business in shaping American public policy.

Prerequisite: Government 3, or permission of the instructor. Dist: SOC. Class of 2007 and earlier: WCult: NA. Class of 2008 and later: WCult: W. Winters.

39. Politics and the Media (pending Faculty approval)

07S: 10A

D. Brooks.

COMPARATIVE POLITICS: AREAS

40. Topics in Area Politics

07W:10A

This course will enable regular or visiting faculty members to examine topics in Regional Politics not treated in the established curriculum. Subjects may therefore vary each time the course is offered. Dist: Varies.

In 07W, Chinese Politics: The Reform Period. The conventional wisdom on China’s post-1978 experience holds that the government has encouraged economic reform without allowing for political opening up. In this course, we will explore whether this view accurately captures the essence of China’s reform period. We will first examine the successes and failures of the economic reforms, paying attention to the gap between the rich coastal provinces and the poor hinterlands. We will then focus on the political reforms undertaken in China since 1978. In particular, we will examine such harbingers of change as the introduction of village elections, the growing role of the courts, the rise of associational activity, the nature of the Chinese press, and the role of intellectuals. We will also focus on certain problems, such as the spread of corruption, the treatment of ethnic minorities, and limits to religious freedom. By the end of the course, we will have a good sense of China’s progress during the reform era, as well as an appreciation of the remaining problems. Dist: SOC; WCult: NW. Dimitrov.

41. European Politics

Not offered in 2005-2006; may be offered in 2006-2007

An intensive study of the political development, institutions, and behavior of selected West European countries. Special attention will be paid to the problems of political change and to present trends in the study of comparative politics.

Prerequisite: Government 4, or permission of the instructor. Dist: SOC or INT. Class of 2007 and earlier: WCult: EU. Class of 2008 and later: WCult: W. Sa’adah.

44. Politics and Political Economies in Africa (Identical to African and African American Studies 47)

06S, 07W: 10A

This course contrasts the most important approaches to development in Africa as they are used to explain the structure of political economy and politics in specific African countries. Special attention is paid to the consequences of external agencies, including external relations with industrialized countries and the World Bank, and the internal relations based on the interaction of the African state, ethnicity, patronage, class and local capitalism. Selected countries will be analyzed in detail.

Prerequisite Government 4, or permission of the instructor. Dist: SOC or INT; WCult: NW. Kasfir.

45. Japanese Politics

Not offered in 2005-2006; may be offered in 2006-2007

This course will provide an overview of the origins and issues in current Japanese politics, in an effort to understand the evolution and structure of the political system that has sustained the rise of the first non-Western industrialized democracy. Topics to be covered include Japan’s response to the western encroachment of Asia in the 19th century, the postwar reconstellation of Japanese politics, the institutional foundations of the sustained conservative hegemony in Japan, the influence of interest groups and money on the formation of policy, and the conduct of Japan’s foreign affairs.

Prerequisite: Government 4 or permission of the instructor. Dist: SOC; WCult: NW. Kang.

46. Politics of the Middle East and North Africa

06X: 9S07S: 2A

This course will introduce students to the politics of the Middle East and North Africa. It will systematically compare the process of state formation of different types of regimes in selected countries of the region following the break-up of the Ottoman Empire.

Prerequisite: Government 4, or permission of the instructor. Dist: SOC or INT; WCult: NW. Vandewalle.

48. Politics of the Korean Peninsula

Not offered in 2005-2006; may be offered in 2006-2007

The Korean peninsula has had geographic importance for politics in Northeast Asia for thousands of years. Because of Korea’s location between Japan and China, its domestic politics and international politics have been thoroughly intertwined. This course will present an analytic overview of the politics of both North and South Korea. Topics to be covered include the historical development of Korean politics, domestic politics in South Korea since 1948, North Korean politics and nuclear threat, and the foreign relations of and between North and South Korea.

Prerequisite: Government 4 or permission of the instructor. Dist: SOC or INT; WCult: NW. Kang.

49.01 Latin American Politics and Government

05F: 10A

An analysis of the contemporary distribution of political power and the character of governing institutions in Latin America. Special attention is given to the political dimensions of economic and social development, the influence of ideology on public policy, the nature of political parties, the role of interest groups and the state, and the current concern with institutional reform.

Prerequisite: Government 4, 5, or 57, or Latin American and Caribbean Studies 1. Dist: SOC or INT; WCult: NW. Carey.

49.02 State and Society in Latin America (Identical to Latin American and Caribbean Studies 32)

07S: 11

This class provides an introduction to the political and economic development of Latin America in the latter half of the 20th century. We will focus on only six of the countries in this vast and diverse region: Argentina, Chile, Cuba, El Salvador, Colombia and Mexico. Our analysis will emphasize the following themes: political systems and regime change; economic strategy; U.S. foreign policy; social movements and revolution; democratization; identity politics; and human rights. Dist: SOC; WCult: NW. Baldez.

49.03 Latin American Politics: Cuba (Identical to Latin American and Caribbean Studies 33)

Not offered in 2005-2006; may be offered in 2006-2007

As one of the world’s few remaining socialist regimes and the only surviving socialist regime in Latin America, Cuba is unique. But Cuba is also subject to many of the forces that have shaped other countries in Latin America and the third world: a heritage of Spanish colonialism and slavery, a geography that contains a limited array of natural resources and a system of government that has evolved under the constant shadow of the United States. To that extent we can learn something about Latin American politics - and politics more generally - by studying Cuba. Dist. SOC or INT. Baldez

49.04 Gender Politics in Latin America (Identical to Latin American and Caribbean Studies 52 and Women’s and Gender Studies 32)

05F: 2

The seminar will introduce students to recent scholarship on gender politics in Latin America in the 20th century, a field of study that has exploded in the past two decades. The goal of the seminar is to understand the ways in gender affects politics, and vice-versa. What does it mean to use gender as a category of analysis in political science? How do norms about masculinity and femininity shape public policy, legislative behavior and foreign relations? Under what conditions will people mobilize on the basis of their gender identity or sexual orientation? Readings will focus on a range of countries throughout the region. Dist: SOC; WCult: NW. Baldez.

49.05 Protest and Parties in Latin America (Identical to Latin American and Caribbean Studies 53)

06F: 10A

For many people, Che Guevara remains the key symbol of protest in Latin America. His passionate belief in social justice, his refusal to compromise and the extraordinary personal sacrifices he made on behalf of the poor all contribute to his enduring legacy. While this legacy continues to inspire people to engage in protest and revolutionary movements, it does little to help us understand the conditions under which organized movements will succeed in their goals-or even form in the first place. Under what conditions do people organize on behalf of their collective interests? Under what conditions will efforts to mobilize succeed? We compare revolutionary movements, social movements, political parties and other forms at political action in various countries throughout the region Dist: SOC or INT. WCult: NW. Baldez.

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

50. Topics in International Relations

05F, 06S: 207S: 10, 10A, 2

This course will enable regular or visiting faculty members to examine topics in International Relations not treated in the established curriculum. Subjects may therefore vary each time the course is offered. Dist: Varies.

In 05F, International Law. An introduction to international law, with particular emphasis on law that attempts to govern the use of force by states. Materials include the United Nations Charter and other multilateral treaties, decisions of the International Court of Justice, and commentary by scholars. Dist: INT. Stam.

In 06S and 07S at 2, War and Peace in the Twentieth Century (Identical to War and Peace Studies 1 and Social Science 1). This course is designed to acquaint students with the fundamentals of war and peace; that is, with the political uses of military power and the respective roles of military and civilian leaders in formulating and implementing foreign policy. We will also investigate how war affects civil society’s social movements and how the characteristics of states’ domestic politics arrangements affect or constrain the ways that leaders choose to execute their most preferred strategies.þ Finally, we will also try to come to an understanding of what war is actually like for those, both combatant and non-combatant, that must participate in war on a daily basis. Dist: SOC. Stam.

In 07S at 10, Globalization and International Politics. In this course, we will explore how economic globalization (that is, recent shifts in the structure of international trade, finance, and production) is shaping international relations. Special emphasis will be placed on the changing role of multinational corporations. The course begins with an overview of economic globalization and then turns to analyze how it is influencing the political world. Is globalization likely to make the world more peaceful? Will globalization significantly reduce the power of the nation state? Will globalization lead to a single world culture? How will globalization affect the environment? How stable is globalization? Does globalization lead to increased inequality among and between nations? These are some of the central questions that we will explore. While there are not yet clear answers as to exactly how economic globalization influences world politics, grasping the key issues involved in these debates is essential to understanding today’s world. Dist: SOC or INT. S. Brooks.

In 07S at 10A, International Relations of East Asia. The international relations of Asia are a major concern of the United States. In the past few years, there has been increasing concern about the threat North Korea may pose to the security of the United States. The past decade has seen China emerge as a potential economic, political, and military superpower, that some view as a potential rival to the U.S. Japan’s economy, although experiencing difficulties, remains the world’s second largest and most technologically advanced.þ What happens in Asia has a direct and important impact on the U.S.?þ How do we understand the international relations of these countries?þ What are the issues, and consequences?þ In answering these questions, we will view the international relations of Asia from historical and theoretical viewpoints.þ I assume that students are familiar with the basic tools of international relations theory, including realism, liberalism, and institutionalism.þ In addition I assume prior coursework in international relations.þ I do not assume extensive knowledge of Asia. Government 5 is recommended but not required.þ Dist: SOC or INT; WCult: NW. Kang.

52. Russian Foreign Policy

07W: 10A

This course is a survey of Russia’s relations with the world, and particularly with Europe and the United States, from the Revolution through the Soviet period to the present. Special emphasis will be placed on the politics of the national security process in the USSR and Russia. Although intended as an overview of Russian foreign policy, the course gives primary attention to three areas: the origins and nature of Soviet-American competition; Russia’s political and military relationship with the West; and the future development of Russian-American relations.

Prerequisite: Government 4 or 5; Government 42 is recommended. Open only to sophomores, juniors, and seniors. Dist: SOC or INT. Class of 2007 and earlier: WCult: EU. Class of 2008 and later: WCult: W. W. Wohlforth.

53. International Security

07W: 10A

This course will focus on military strategy in the post-cold war world. The course will cover deterrence theory, crisis stability, nuclear strategy, and the political uses of military coercion. Other topics may include the obsolescence of major war, collective security, nuclear proliferation, and escalation of regional wars.

Prerequisite: Government 5 or permission of instructor. Dist: SOC or INT. Valentino.

54. United States Foreign Policy

05F:1106X: 2A06F: 11

An inquiry into relationships between the social structure and ideological tradition of the United States and its conduct in world affairs. Attention is given to the substance of American foreign and military policy; to the roles of the White House, State Department, CIA, the military, Congress, private elites, and mass opinion; and to foreign policy impacts on domestic life.

Prerequisite: Government 5 or permission of the instructor. Dist: SOC. Class of 2007 and earlier: WCult: NA. Class of 2008 and later: WCult: W. Lebow, Mastanduno, Stam.

55. International Organization

Not offered in 2005-2006; may be offered in 2006-2007

A survey of the historical development, structure, and role of international organizations in several issue areas, including international security, development, and human rights. Attention is given to the evolution of the United Nations during and after the Cold War. The course also evaluates competing theoretical approaches to international organization.

Prerequisite: Government 5 or permission of the instructor. Dist: SOC or INT. Stam.

56. International Politics: Systems and Behavior

Not offered in 2005-2006; may be offered in 2006-2007

A survey of a variety of approaches to the study of international political systems, state capabilities, and foreign-policy making. Emphasis is on evaluating the degree to which these approaches can be considered theories of international politics and the value of such theories for understanding current international problems. Topics include human nature, balance of power, bureaucratic politics, deterrence, imperialism, and systems analysis.

Prerequisite: Government 5, or permission of the instructor. Dist: SOC or INT. W. Wohlforth

57. The Foreign Relations of Latin America

Not offered in 2005-2006; may be offered in 2006-2007

This course considers the states of Latin America as independent actors in world affairs that seek to secure self-defined national interests in an international environment shaped by the presence of more powerful states. Topics include ‘weak-state’ strategies of international relations; the management of hemispheric security concerns and intra-regional rivalries; prospects for economic and political integration; forms and significance of external influence; and the role of such current problems as debt, trade, and illegal drugs in structuring the region’s foreign relations.

Prerequisite: Government 5 or Government 49. Dist: SOC or INT; WCult: NW.

58. International Political Economy

06F: 2

The political aspects of international and transnational economic relations will be examined. Topics will include economic imperialism, politico-economic dependence and interdependence, economic instruments of statecraft, the role of economic factors in foreign policy making, economic causes of international conflict, economic determinants of national power, the politics of international economic organizations, and the role of multinational corporations in world politics.

Prerequisite: Government 5 and Economics 29 or 64, or permission of the instructor. Dist: SOC or INT. Mastanduno, Stam.

59. Foreign Policy and Decision Making (pending Faculty approval)

06W: 10A

The objectives of this course are to introduce the most influential theoretical approaches to the study of strategic decision-making in political science and to apply and evaluate these approaches in a series of historical and contemporary case studies of foreign policy. These immediate objectives serve a larger purpose: to make you a better strategist and more sophisticated analyst of foreign policy. The empirical focus of the course is on states and their problems, but its basic precepts are applicable to other domains as well. Each of the decision-making theories we study represents a venerable tradition of social science scholarship. Mastering them can contribute to the acquisition of extremely useful analytical and critical skills. The first four sections of the course introduce the four most basic models of strategic decision-making and explore them in selected case studies. The last section provides an opportunity to integrate the different models in a series of case studies and simulations exercises involving the foreign policies of major powers. W. Wohlforth.

POLITICAL THEORY AND PUBLIC LAW

60. Topics in Political Theory or Public Law

05F: 1006S: 1206F: 1007W: 12

This course will enable regular or visiting faculty members to examine topics in Political Theory or Public Law not treated in the established curriculum. Subjects may therefore vary each time the course is offered. Dist: Varies.

In 05F and 06F, Liberalism and Its Critics. Liberal political theory is renowned for its emphasis on rights, freedoms, and limited government; but critics of liberalism hold that the liberal legacy in free societies is one of misguided energies and broken promises. Students in this course chart the development of liberal thought from the Seventeenth Century to the present, with a view to considering the central values and commitments liberals may share, and examining important contemporary work in liberal theory. The course integrates weighty challenges to the moral and political viability of liberalism, from communitarian, conservative, libertarian, and postmodern critics.

Government 6 recommended. Class of 2007 and earlier: Dist: PHR. Class of 2008 and later: Dist: TMV. Swaine.

In 06S and 07W, Indigenous Nationalism: Native Rights and Sovereignty (Identical to Native American Studies 36). This course focuses on the legal and political relationship between the indigenous peoples of Canada, the United States, Australia, and New Zealand and their respective colonial governments. Students will examine contemporary indigenous demands for self-government, especially territorial claims, within the context of the legislative and political practices of their colonial governments. The course will begin with an examination of the notion of Aboriginal self-government in Canada and develop it in light of the policy recommendations found in the recent report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (1996). Using the Canadian experience as a benchmark, students will then compare these developments to indigenous peoples’ experiences in the United States, Australia and New Zealand. An important theme of the course will be to develop an international approach to the issue of indigenous rights and to explore how colonial governments are responding to indigenous demands for justice. Not open to First-year students without permission of instructor. Dist: SOC or INT; WCult: NW. Turner.

61. Jurisprudence

05F: 2

Jurisprudence is the theory of law - not of a particular body of laws but of law in general. In this course, we explore a variety of approaches to some of the fundamental questions in jurisprudence: Are laws rooted in human nature, in social customs, or in the will of the sovereign authority? How are laws made, interpreted, and enforced? Can morality be legislated? Readings and lectures will draw on both philosophical arguments and legal case-studies to explore these and other questions. Class of 2007 and earlier: Dist: PHR. Class of 2008 and later: Dist: TMV. Murphy.

63. Origins of Political Thought: Render unto God or unto Caesar?

07S: 2A

The perennial questions of political thought include: who should rule? and what is justice? The ancient world provides two radically different answers to these questions - that of classical philosophy (represented here by Aristotle) and that of the Bible. After contrasting these two ancient perspectives, we then turn to the medieval attempts (by St. Augustine and by St. Thomas Aquinas) to synthesize Greek philosophy and Biblical faith. What is the relation of divine law to human law? What do we owe to God and what to Caesar? Is justice based on human reason or on faith in God?

Prerequisite: Government 6, or course work in ancient Greek philosophy. Class of 2007 and earlier: Dist: PHR. Class of 2008 and later: Dist: TMV. Murphy.

64. Modern Political Thought

06W, 07W: 12

This course complements Government 63, presenting the major themes in Western political philosophy from the Reformation to the twentieth century. The natural right tradition, which has served as the basis of liberal democracy, will be examined at its origin (Hobbes’ Leviathan) along with Rousseau’s revision and criticism of classical liberalism (First and Second Discourses, Social Contract). Then the historicist tradition - the major alternative which has dominated European thought since the French Revolution - will be studied first in Hegel’s Philosophy of Right, then in Marx’s transformation of the Hegelian dialectic (Critique of Hegelian Philosophy of Right, 1844 M.S.S., and German Ideology). As in Government 63, lecture-discussions will focus closely on the texts of the four philosophers being studied while relating them to the development of modern political thought and contemporary social science.

While Government 63 and 64 form a sequence, either may be taken separately. Class of 2007 and earlier: Dist: PHR. Class of 2008 and later: Dist: TMV. Swaine, Turner.

66. The Supreme Court and Constitutional Development

Not offered in 2005-2006; may be offered in 2006-2007

A study of the United States Supreme Court and judicial review from 1787 to the present time. Combining historical and analytical approaches, this course examines the Court’s landmark constitutional decisions, explores the theory and techniques of judicial review, and relates the Court’s authority to the wider political-societal context of American government.

Open to sophomores, juniors, and seniors. Class of 2007 and earlier: Dist: PHR; WCult: NA. Class of 2008 and later: Dist: SOC; WCult: W.

67. Civil Liberties and Individual Rights in the United States

Not offered in 2005-2006; may be offered in 2006-2007

The law and politics of civil liberties and individual rights in the United States will be studied through a close reading of United States Supreme Court cases and related material. The course will focus on the Bill of Rights and the Fourteenth Amendment, exploring the tensions between competing rights in the Constitution and the role of judicial review in the American political process.

Recommended: Government 66. Open to sophomores, juniors, and seniors. Dist: PHR; WCult: NA. Class of 2008 and later: WCult: W.

68. Gender and Law (Identical to Women’s and Gender Studies 32)

06W, 07W: 2A

This course examines how gender and law in the United States are used to confer rights, create obligations, and define identities. We explore the theoretical, historical, and empirical basis for gender in law, and pay particular attention to how and when gender-based laws have changed over time. Specific topics covered include, for example, federal legislation on educational and workplace equity, constitutional doctrines of equality and privacy, and state policies on family law, criminal responsibility, and domestic violence. We analyze the relationship between gender politics, legal theory, legal doctrine, and social policy. We also ask whether the gender of legal actors (litigants, lawyers, judges) makes a difference in their reasoning or decision-making.

Prerequisite: Government 3 or a law course strongly recommended. Dist: SOC. Class of 2007 and earlier: WCult: NA. Class of 2008 and later: WCult: W. Bohmer.

69. Native Americans and the Law (Identical to Native American Studies 50)

05F: 1006F: 10A

This course will focus on the constitutional, statutory and jurisprudential rules of law that make up the field of Federal Indian Law. Attention will be given to the historical framework from which the rules were derived. After tracing the development of the underlying legal doctrines that are prominent today, the course will turn to a consideration of subject-specified areas of Indian law, including hunting and fishing rights, water rights, and preservation of religious and cultural rights. Class of 2007 and earlier: Dist: PHR; WCult: NW. Class of 2008 and later: Dist: SOC; WCult: NW. Duthu, Wilkins.

ADVANCED COURSES

80. Readings in Government

All terms: Arrange

Independent work under the direction of a member of the Department. Open to honors students and to other qualified students. Those interested should discuss their plans with a prospective faculty advisor and must submit written statements of their proposed work to the departmental office before electing the course.

81-87. Seminars in Government

The following seminars will be offered in 2005-2007. Seminars are numbered according to Department subfield: 83 for seminars in American Government, 84 for Comparative Politics, 85 for International Relations, and 86 for Political Theory and Public Law. Seminars that may count in either of two subfields, or which come from outside the Department, are numbered 81. For details concerning individual seminars and their prerequisites consult the Department. Please check the Department website at http://www.dartmouth.edu/~govt/ for further information. Dist: Varies.

81.0405F, 06F: 10A (Identical to Public Policy 81.2)

Lawyers and Public Policy (American or Theory/Law subfield). Dist: SOC. Class of 2007 and earlier: WCult: NA. Class of 2008 and later: WCult: W. Bohmer.

81.10Not offered in 2005-2006; may be offered in 2006-2007

Democratization: Democratic Theory and Practice. (Comparative Politics and Political Theory). Kasfir.

81.11Not offered in 2005-2006; may be offered in 2006-2007

Economic Development and Reform in the Middle East. (Comparative Politics and International Relations) Vandewalle.

81.14 07W: 10A

The Political Economy of Development in Asia and Southeast Asia.(Comparative Politics and International Relations) (Identical to AMES 91, pending faculty approval) Vandewalle.

81.15 06W: 10A

Rationality vs. Social Values: Bureaucratic and Organizational Behavior.(American Politics and Comparative Politics) (Identical to Public Policy 17, pending faculty approval) Kasfir.

83.02 06F: 3A (Identical to Public Policy 81.9)

Politics and Markets. Dist: SOC. Class of 2007 and earlier: WCult: NA. Class of 2008 and later: WCult: W. Fowler.

83.03 Not offered in 2005-2006; may be offered in 2006-2007

American Political Development. Fowler.

83.0505F: 10A

Catalysts for Change: The Literature of American Political Transformation. Shaiko.

83.0606S, 07W: 2A

Political Communication. D. Brooks.

83.1506F: 2A

Gender and American Politics. Baldez.

83.1605F, 07W: 3A

Voting Irregularities and Issues in Electoral Reform. Herron.

84.04Not offered in 2005-2006; may be offered in 2006-2007

African Politics. Kasfir.

84.09Not offered in 2005-2006; may be offered in 2006-2007

Political Responses to Capitalism. Dist: SOC or INT. Sa’adah.

84.1007W: 2A

The 1989 Revolution. Dimitrov.

84.1107S: 2A (Identical to Latin American and Caribbean Studies 77)

Democracy and Accountability in Latin America. Dist: SOC. Carey.

84.14Not offered in 2005-2006; may be offered in 2006-2007

Protest and Plenty: Social Movements in Advanced Industrial States. C. Wohlforth.

84.1507S: 10A

State-Building, Oil, and Islam in the Arab Gulf States. Vandewalle.

84.1707S: 2A

The Rule of Law. Dimitrov.

85.01Not offered in 2005-2006; may be offered in 2006-2007

International Terrorism and United States Foreign Policy. Stam.

85.0206W, 07W: 3A

Leadership and Grand Strategy. Dist: SOC or INT. W. Wohlforth.

85.03Not offered in 2005-2006; may be offered in 2006-2007

Nuclear Weapons and International Politics. Stam.

85.0406S: 3A

International Relations Theory. Stam.

85.05Not offered in 2005-2006; may be offered in 2006-2007 (Identical to Public Policy 81.1)

American Foreign Policy Toward Asia. Dist: SOC or INT. Kang.

85.06Not offered in 2005-2006; may be offered in 2006-2007 (Identical to Public Policy 82.2)

Economic Statecraft in International Relations. Dist: SOC or INT. Mastanduno.

85.0706F: 3A

Forecasting International Politics: Methods and Ethics. Stam.

85.0805F: 3A

Domestic Determinants of International Relations. Stam.

85.11Not offered in 2005-2006; may be offered in 2006-2007

Research Design For Political Puzzles. Stam.

85.1406S, 07S: 3A (Identical to Public Policy 83.2)

Economics, Security, and U.S. Foreign Policy. Dist: SOC. Class of 2007 and earlier: WCult: NA. Class of 2008 and later: WCult: W. S. Brooks.

85.1507S: 2A

Globalization and the Future of Asia. Dist: SOC or INT; WCult: NW. Kang.

85.1605F, 07W: 2A

The Causes and Prevention of Genocide and Mass Killing. Class of 2007 and earlier: Dist: PHR. Valentino.

85.1807S: 3A

The Nuclear Revolution. Stam.

86.0107W: 2A

Multiculturalism. Class of 2008 and later: Dist: TMV. Swaine.

86.0306W: 2A

Contemporary Political Thought. Class of 2008 and later: Dist: TMV. Swaine.

86.0806S: 2A

International Relations in Political Theory. Murphy.

86.1406W, 07S: 10A

Wittgenstein and Political Philosophy. Turner.

86.1506F: 2A

Tocqueville and His Critics. Murphy.

90. Seminar

05F, 06F: London F.S.P.

Course taught by a member of the faculty of the Department of International Relations of the London School of Economics and Political Science. Dartmouth students attend class with the LSE faculty member.

91. Seminar

05F, 06F: London F.S.P.

92. Seminar

05F, 06F: London F.S.P.

Seminar taught by the faculty advisor. 05F, W. Wohlforth, 06F, Kasfir.

93. Internship Essays

06S, 07S: Washington D.C. O.C.P.

An internship with a public or private agency or organization intended to give students practical experience of political life in the nation’s capital. Each student will write weekly essays relating his or her work experience to broader issues in political science. Dist: SOC.

94. Research Paper

06S, 07S: Washington D.C. O.C.P.

A research paper on a topic chosen by the student in consultation with the program faculty member and written in conjunction with his or her internship. Dist: SOC.

95. Seminar

06S, 07S: Washington D.C. O.C.P.

In 06S, seminar taught by the faculty advisor. Shaiko.

98. Honors Research

05F, 06F: 3B

99. Honors Thesis

06W, 07W: Arrange

Government 98 and 99 consist of independent research and writing on a selected topic under the supervision of a Department member who acts as advisor. Open to honors students. In exceptional cases these courses are also open to other qualified students by vote of the Department. Carey, Valentino.