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Lesson 15.5: Extramural Cult Locales: Cave and Peak Sanctuaries

Lesson 15 Bibliography: Minoan Religion

E. Banou, “Ta lithina antikeimena apo to minoïko iero koryphes ston A. Giorge sto Vouno Kytheron,” Pepragmena tou H' Diethnous Kretologikou Synedriou (Heraklion 2000) 383-394.

E. Banou, “Ta Kythera anamesa ste minoïke Krete kai te mykenaïke Peloponneso: Ta mikroantikeimena apo to minoïko iero koryphes ston A. Giorge sto Vouno,” Praktika tou A' Diethnous Synedriou Kytheraïkon Meleton (Kythera 2003) 69-75.

E. Banou, “Minoïka iera koryphes: e periptose tou Agiou Georgiou sto Vouno Kytheron,” in EPATHLON: Archaiologikon Synedrion pros Timen tou Adonidos K. Kyrou (Athens 2007) A': 285-294.

M. Benzi, “Daskalio (Vathy), Kalymnos: A Late Bronze I Sacred Cave in the East Aegean,” in W. Gauss, M. Lindblom, R. A. K. Smith, and J. C. Wright (eds.), Our Cups Are Full: Pottery and Society in the Aegean Bronze Age (Oxford 2011) 13-24.

P. P. Betancourt, “Caves in Crete and Their Use as Architectural Space,” in M. Relaki and Y. Papadatos (eds.), From the Foundations to the Legacy of Minoan Society [Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 12] (Oxford 2018) 83-95.

F. Blakolmer, “Meaningful Landscapes: Minoan ‘Landscape Rooms’ and Peak Sanctuaries,” in G. Touchais, R. Laffineur, and F. Rougemont (eds.), PHYSIS: L’environnement naturel et la relation homme-milieu dans le monde égéen protohistorique [Aegaeum 37] (Liège 2014) 121-128.

C. Briault, “Making Mountains Out of Molehills in the Bronze Age Aegean: Visibility, Ritual Kits, and the Idea of a Peak Sanctuary,” WorldArch 39(2007) 122-141.

S. Chryssoulaki, “The Traostalos Peak Sanctuary: Aspects of Spatial Organization,” in R. Laffineur and R. Hägg (eds.), POTNIA: Deities and Religion in the Aegean Bronze Age [Aegaeum 22] (Liège/Austin 2001) 57-66.

C. Davaras, “Anaskaphe MM Ierou Koryphes Vrysina Rethymnes,” AAA 7(1974) 210-213.

C. Davaras, “Three New Linear A Libation Vessel Fragments from Petsophas,” Kadmos 20(1981) 1-6.

C. Davaras, “One Minoan Peak Sanctuary Less: The Case of Thylakas,” in O. Krzsyzkowska (ed.), Cretan Offerings: Studies in Honour of Peter Warren [BSA Studies 18] (London 2010) 71-88.

C. Davaras and W. C. Brice, “A Fragment of a Libation Table Inscribed in Linear A from Vrysinas,” Kadmos 16(1977) 5-6.

R. M. Dawkins and M. L. W. Laistner, “The Excavation of the Kamares Cave in Crete,” BSA 19(1912-13) 1-34.

E. Z. Faro, Ritual Activity and Regional Dynamics: Towards a Reinterpretation of Minoan Extra-Urban Ritual Space (PhD dissertation, University of Michigan 2008). 

P. Faure, “Cultes de sommets et cultes de cavernes en Crète,” BCH 87(1963) 493-508.

P. Faure, Fonctions des cavernes crétoises (Paris 1964).

P. Faure, “Recherches sur le peuplement du montagne en Crète. Sites, cavernes et cultes,” BCH 89(1965) 27-63.

P. Faure, “Nouvelles recherches sur trois sortes de sanctuaires crétois,” BCH 91(1967) 114-150.

P. Faure, “Sur trois sortes de sanctuaries crétois,” BCH 93(1969) 174-213.

P. Faure, “Cavernes sacrées de la Crète antique,” Cretan Studies 4(1994) 77-83.

N. Fernandez, “Les lieux de culte de l’âge du Bronze en Crète: question de méthode,” RA (1985) 257-268.

I. Gavrilaki, “Oi anaskaphes sto spelaio Melidoniou,” in M. Andrianakis and I. Tzachili (eds.), Archaiologiko Ergo Kretes 1[2008] (Rethymno 2010) 657-669.

M. Georgiadis, “Leska. A New Peak Sanctuary on the Island of Kythera,” JPR 23(2012) 7-23.

M. Georgiadis, “The Physical Environment and the Beliefs at Leska, a New Peak Sanctuary on Kythera,” in G. Touchais, R. Laffineur, and F. Rougemont (eds.), PHYSIS: L’environnement naturel et la relation homme-milieu dans le monde égéen protohistorique [Aegaeum 37] (Liège 2014) 481-484.

D. C. Haggis, “Staple Finance, Peak Sanctuaries, and Economic Complexity in Late Prepalatial Crete,” in A. Chaniotis (ed.), From Minoan Farmers to Roman Traders: Sidelights on the Economy of Ancient Crete (Stuttgart 1999) 53-86.

M. Haysom, “Recent Research into Minoan Extra-urban Sanctuaries,” AR 61(2014-15) 94-103.

M. Haysom, “Mass and Elite in Minoan Peak Sanctuaries,” in G. Vavouranakis, K. Kopanias, and C. Kanellopoulos (eds.), Popular Religion and Ritual in Prehistoric and Ancient Greece and the East Mediterranean (Oxford 2018) 19-28.

J. Hazzidakis, “An Early Minoan Sacred Cave at Arkalochori in Crete,” BSA 19(1912-13) 35-47.

G. Henriksson and M. Blomberg, “Evidence for Minoan Astronomical Observations from the Peak Sanctuaries on Petsophas and Traostalos,” OpAth 21(1996) 99-114.

D. G. Hogarth, “The Dictaean Cave,” BSA 6(1899-1900) 94-116.

D. W. Jones, Peak Sanctuaries and Sacred Caves in Minoan Crete: A Comparison of Artifacts [SIMA-PB 156] (Jonsered 1999).

A. Kanta, “To spelaio tou Lilianou,” Kretika Chronika 23(1971) 425-439.

A. Kanta and C. Davaras, Elouthia Charisteion: To Iero Spelaio tes Eileithuias ston Tsoutsouro (Heraklion 2011).

A. Karetsou, “Ieron koryphes Iouchta,” Prakt (1974) 228-239.

A. Karetsou, “To iero koryphes tou Iouchta,” Prakt (1978) 232-258.

A. Karetsou, “The Peak Sanctuary of Mt. Iuktas,” in R. Hägg and N. Marinatos (eds.), Sanctuaries and Cults in the Aegean Bronze Age (Stockholm 1981) 137-153.

A Karetsou, “A New ‘Minoan Male Portrait’ Sealstone and Early Sealing Evidence from the Juktas Peak Sanctuary,” in M. Perna (ed.), Studi in onore di Enrica Fiandra: Contributi di archeologia greca e vicinorientale [Studi egei e vicinorientali 1] (Paris 2005) 113-131.

A. Karetsou, “The Middle Minoan III Building at Alonaki, Juktas,” in C. F. Macdonald and C. Knappett (eds.), INTERMEZZO. Intermediacy and Regeneration in Middle Minoan III Palatial Crete [BSA Studies 21] (London 2013) 71-92.

A. Karetsou, “Kophinas Revisited: The 1990 Excavation and the Cultic Activity,” Kretika Chronika 34(2014) 123-146.

A. Karetsou, L. Godart, and J.-P. Olivier, “Inscriptions en linéaire A du sanctuaire de sommet du Mont Iouktas,” Kadmos 24(1985) 89-147.

A. Karetsou, L. Godart, and J.-P. Olivier, “Une nouvelle inscription en linéaire A du sanctuaire de sommet du Mont Iuktas (IO Za 16),” Minos 37-38(2002-03) 437-447.

A. Karetsou and R. B. Koehl, “An Enigmatic Piece of Gold-work from the Juktas Peak Sanctuary,” in F. Carinci, N. Cucuzza, P. Militello, and O. Palio (eds.), KRETES MINOIDOS: Tradizione e identità minoica tra produzione artigianale, pratiche cerimoniali e memoria del passato. Studi offerti a Vincenzo La Rosa per il Suo 70o compleanno (Padova 2011) 207-223.

A. Karetsou and R. B. Koehl, “Cult Object – Image – Emblem: A Life-sized Stone Bull’s Head from the Juktas Peak Sanctuary,” in R. B. Koehl (ed.), AMILLA: The Quest for Excellence: Studies Presented to Guenter Kopcke in Celebration of His 75th Birthday (Philadelphia 2013) 135-144.

A. Karetsou and R. B. Koehl, “The Minoan Mastiffs of Juktas,” in G. Touchais, R. Laffineur, and F. Rougemont (eds.), PHYSIS: L’environnement naturel et la relation homme-milieu dans le monde égéen protohistorique [Aegaeum 37] (Liège 2014) 333-340.

A. Karetsou and I. Mathioudaki, “The Middle Minoan III Building Complex at Alonaki, Juktas: Architectural Observations and Pottery Analysis,” Creta Antica 13(2012) 83-107.

A. Karetsou and G. Rethemiotakis, “Iero koryphes Kophina,” Kretike Estia 4(1992-93) 289-292.

A. Karetsou and A. Spiliotopoulou, “Clay Boat Models from the MM III Peak Sanctuary of Kophinas,” in M. Bettelli, M. Del Freo, and G. J. van Wijngaarden (eds.), Mediterranean Itinera: Studies in Honour of Lucia Vagnetti [Incunabula Graeca 106] (Rome 2018) 165-180.

G. Kordatzaki, “Epiphaneiake erevna sta oreina tou Rethymnou: endeiktike analyse keramikes apo ton Vrysina,” Archaiologiko Ergo Kretes 1[2008] (Rethymno 2010) 464-475.

E. Kyriakidis, Ritual in the Bronze Age Aegean: The Minoan Peak Sanctuaries (London 2005).

S. Marinatos, “Zur Frage der Grotte von Arkalochori,” Kadmos 1(1962) 87-94.

J. Moody, “Environmental Change and Minoan Sacred Landscapes,” in A. L. D’Agata and A. Van de Moortel (eds.), Archaeologies of Cult: Essays on Ritual and Cult in Crete in Honor of Geraldine C. Gesell [Hesperia Supplement 42] (Princeton 2009) 241-249.

C. Morris and A. D. Peatfield, “Dynamic Spirituality on Minoan Peak Sanctuaries,” in K. Rountree, C. Morris, and A. D. Peatfield (eds.), Archaeology of Spiritualities (New York 2012) 227-245.

J. L. Myres, “Excavations at Palaikastro II.13: The Sanctuary Site of Petsofa,” BSA 9(1902-03) 356-387.

L. Nixon, “Investigating Minoan Sacred Landscapes,” in A. L. D’Agata and A. Van de Moortel (eds.), Archaeologies of Cult: Essays on Ritual and Cult in Crete in Honor of Geraldine C. Gesell [Hesperia Supplement 42] (Princeton 2009) 269-275.

K. Nowicki, “Some Remarks on the Pre- and Protopalatial Peak Sanctuaries in Crete,” in B. Rutkowski (ed.), Aegean Archaeology 2(1994) 31-48.

K. Nowicki, “Minoan Peak Sanctuaries: Reassessing Their Origins,” in R. Laffineur and R. Hägg (eds.), POTNIA: Deities and Religion in the Aegean Bronze Age [Aegaeum 22] (Liège/Austin 2001) 31-37.

K. Nowicki, “Some Remarks on New Peak Sanctuaries in Crete: The Topography of Ritual Areas and Their Relationship with Settlements,” JdI 122(2007) 1-31.

K. Nowicki, “East Cretan Peak Sanctuaries Revisited,” in E. Mantzourani and P. P. Betancourt (eds.), PHILISTOR. Studies in Honor of Costis Davaras [Prehistory Monographs 36] (Philadelphia 2012) 139-154.

E. Papadopoulou and I. Tzachili, “Iero koryphes Vrysina,” ArchDelt 60(2005) 1047-1049.

E. Papadopoulou and I. Tzachili, “Anaskaphe sto iero koryphes tou Vrysina Nomou Rethymnes,” Archaiologiko Ergo Kretes 1[2008] (Rethymno 2010) 452-463.

A. D. Peatfield, “The Topography of Minoan Peak Sanctuaries,” BSA 78(1983) 273-280.

A. D. Peatfield, “Palace and Peak: The Political and Religious Relationship between Palaces and Peak Sanctuaries,” in R. Hägg and N. Marinatos (eds.), The Function of the Minoan Palaces (Stockholm 1987) 89-93.

A. D. Peatfield, The Peak Sanctuaries of Minoan Crete (Ph.D. dissertation; University of London 1989).

A. D. Peatfield, “Minoan Peak Sanctuaries: History and Society,” OpAth 17(1990) 117-131.

A. D. Peatfield, “Rural Ritual in Bronze Age Crete: The Peak Sanctuary at Atsipadhes,” CAJ 2(1992) 59-87.

A. Peatfield, “The Atsipadhes Korakias Peak Sanctuary Project,” Classics Ireland 1(1994) 90-95.

A. D. Peatfield, “After the ‘Big Bang’ – What? Or, Minoan Symbols and Shrines beyond Palatial Collapse,” in S. A. Alcock and R. Osborne (eds.), Placing the Gods: Sanctuaries and Sacred Space in Ancient Greece (Oxford 1994) 19-36.

A. Peatfield, “Divinity and Performance on Minoan Peak Sanctuaries,” in R. Laffineur and R. Hägg (eds.), POTNIA: Deities and Religion in the Aegean Bronze Age [Aegaeum 22] (Liège/Austin 2001) 51-55.

A. Peatfield, “The Dynamics of Ritual on Minoan Peak Sanctuaries,” in D. A. Barrowclough and C. Malone (eds.), Cult in Context: Reconsidering Ritual in Archaeology (Oxford 2007) 297-300.

A. Peatfield, “The Topography of Minoan Peak Sanctuaries Revisited,” in A. L. D’Agata and A. Van de Moortel (eds.), Archaeologies of Cult: Essays on Ritual and Cult in Crete in Honor of Geraldine C. Gesell [Hesperia Supplement 42] (Princeton 2009) 251-259.

M. Perna, A. Kanta, and L. Tyree, “An Unpublished Inscription in Linear A from the Skoteino Cave, Crete (SKO Zc 1),” in M. Perna (ed.), Studi in onore di Enrica Fiandra: Contributi di archeologia greca e vicinorientale [Studi egei e vicinorientali 1] (Paris 2005) 323-333.

N. Platon, “To ieron Maza kai ta minoïka iera koryphes,” Kretika Chronika 5(1951) 96-160.

B. Rutkowski, Cult Places in the Aegean World (Warsaw 1972).

B. Rutkowski, The Cult Places of the Aegean (New Haven 1986).

B. Rutkowski, “Minoan Peak Sanctuaries: Topography and Architecture,” Annales d’archéologie égéenne de l’Université de Liège 2 [Aegaeum 2] (Liège 1988) 71-98.

B. Rutkowski, Petsophas. A Cretan Peak Sanctuary (Warsaw 1991).

B. Rutkowski, “Minoan Caves: The Main Cult Area,” in B. Rutkowski (ed.), Aegean Archaeology 1(1994) 26-30.

B. Rutkowski and K. Nowicki, The Psychro Cave and Other Sacred Grottoes in Crete (Warsaw 1996).

J. A. Sakellarakis, “To minoïko iero ton Kytheron,” in LOIBE: Eis Mnemen Andrea G. Kalokairinou (Heraklion 1994) 195-203.

Y. Sakellarakis, “Minoan Religious Influence in the Aegean. The Case of Kythera,” BSA  91(1996) 81-99.

Y. Sakellarakis, Kythera. To minoïko iero koryphes ston Ayio Georgio sto Vouno (Athens 2011-13).

N. Schlager, “Korakomouri: Ein neues MM Höhenheiligtum in Sphaka, Gem. Zakros, und die MM Höhen- und Feldheiligtümer von Ostsitia,” ÖJh 64(1995) 1-24.

A. Simandiraki, Middle Minoan III Pottery from Building B of the Peak Sanctuary of Mount Juktas, Crete, and a General Re-assessment of the Middle Minoan III Period (PhD dissertation, University of Bristol 2002).

S. Soetens, “Juktas and Kophinas: Two Ritual Landscapes Out of the Ordinary,” in A. L. D’Agata and A. Van de Moortel (eds.), Archaeologies of Cult: Essays on Ritual and Cult in Crete in Honor of Geraldine C. Gesell [Hesperia Supplement 42] (Princeton 2009) 261-268.

S. Soetens, J. Driessen, A. Sarris, and S. Topouzi, “The Minoan Peak Sanctuary Landscape through a GIS Approach,“ Archeologia e Calcolatori 13(2002) 161-170.

S. Soetens, A. Sarris, K. Vansteenhuyse, and S. Topouzi, “GIS Variations on a Cretan Theme: Minoan Peak Sanctuaries,” in K. P. Foster and R. Laffineur (eds.), METRON: Measuring the Aegean Bronze Age [Aegaeum 24] (Liège/Austin 2003) 483-488.

S. Soetens, A. Sarris, and S. Topouzi, “Peak Sanctuaries in the Minoan Cultural Landscape,“ Pepragmena tou Θ' Diethnous Kretologikou Synedriou (Heraklion 2006) 76-82.

A. Spiliotopoulou, “Kophinas Peak Sanctuary: Preliminary Results of the Pottery Study,” Kretika Chronika 34(2014) 163-182.

V. Stürmer, “‘Naturkulträume’ auf Kreta und Thera: Ausstattung, Definition und Funktion,” in R. Laffineur and R. Hägg (eds.), POTNIA: Deities and Religion in the Aegean Bronze Age [Aegaeum 22] (Liège/Austin 2001) 69-75.

I. Tournavitou, “Minoïko iero koryphes sta Kythera: e kerameike,” Pepragmena tou H' Diethnous Kretologikou Synedriou (Heraklion 2000) 297-316.

I. Tournavitou, “Does Size Matter? Miniature Pottery Vessels in Minoan Peak Sanctuaries,” in A. L. D’Agata and A. Van de Moortel (eds.), Archaeologies of Cult: Essays on Ritual and Cult in Crete in Honor of Geraldine C. Gesell [Hesperia Supplement 42] (Princeton 2009) 213-230.

C. J. Tully, “Traces of Places: Sacred Sites in Miniature on Minoan Gold Rings,” in D. W. Kim (ed.), Sacred Sites and Sacred Stories across Cultures (Cham 2021) 11-40. [https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56522-0_2]

C. J. Tully and S. Crooks, “Power Ranges: Identity and Terrain in Minoan Crete,” Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture 13(2019) 130-156.

C. J. Tully and S. Crooks, “Enthroned upon Mountains: Constructions of Power in the Aegean Bronze Age,” in L. Naeh and D. Brostowsky Gilboa (eds.), The Ancient Throne: The Mediterranean, Near East, and Beyond from the 3rd Millennium BCE to the 14th Century CE [OREA 14] (Vienna 2020) 37-60.

E. L. Tyree, Cretan Sacred Caves: Archaeological Evidence (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Missouri at Columbia 1974).

E. L. Tyree, “Diachronic Changes in Minoan Cave Cult,” in R. Laffineur and R. Hägg (eds.), POTNIA: Deities and Religion in the Aegean Bronze Age [Aegaeum 22] (Liège/Austin 2001) 39-50.

L. Tyree, “Defining Bronze Age Ritual Caves in Crete,” in F. Mavridis and J. T. Jensen (eds.), Stable Places and Changing Perceptions: Cave Archaeology in Greece (Oxford 2013) 176-187.

L. Tyree, A. Kanta, and D. Sphakianakis, “The Neopalatial Chalice: Forms and Function in the Cave of Skoteino,” in P. P. Betancourt, M. C. Nelson, and H. Williams (eds.), Krinoi kai Limenes: Studies in Honor of Joseph and Maria Shaw (Philadelphia 2007) 277-283.

L. Tyree, A. Kanta, and H. L. Robinson, “Evidence for Ritual Eating and Drinking: A View from Skoteino Cave,” in L. A. Hitchcock, R. Laffineur, and J. Crowley (eds.), DAIS: The Aegean Feast [Aegaeum 29] (Liège/Austin 2008) 179-185.

L. Tyree, F. W. McCoy, A. Kanta, D. Sphakianiakis, A. Stamos, K. Aretaki, and E. Kamilaki, “Inferences for Use of Skotino Cave during the Bronze Age and Later Based on a Speleological and Environmental Study at Skotino Cave, Crete,” Aegean Archaeology 8(2005-2006) [2009] 51-63.

L. Tyree, F. McCoy, J. Frey, and A. Stamos, “3D Imaging of Skoteino Cave, Crete, Greece: Successes and Difficulties,” JFA 39(2014) 180-192.

I. Tzachili, “Quantitative Analysis of the Pottery from the Peak Sanctuary at Vrysinas, Rethymnon,” in K. P. Foster and R. Laffineur (eds.), METRON: Measuring the Aegean Bronze Age [Aegaeum 24] (Liège/Austin 2003) 327-331.

I Tzachili, Vrysinas I: Minoïka eikastika topia – ta angeia me tis epithetes plastikes morphes apo to iero koryphes tou Vrysina kai e anazetese tou vathous (Athens 2011).

I. Tzachili, “Headless, Armless but Sexuated Bodies: On Some Particular Figurines from the Peak Sanctuary of Vrysinas, near Rethymnon, Crete,” in E. Mantzourani and P. P. Betancourt (eds.), PHILISTOR. Studies in Honor of Costis Davaras [Prehistory Monographs 36] (Philadelphia 2012) 233-238.

G. Tzedakis and I. Gavrilaki, “E anaskaphe tou spelaiou Melidoniou,” in Pepragmena tou Z' Diethnous Kretologikou Synedriou (Rethymno 1995) A2: 887-894.

A. Van de Moortel, “A Re-examination of the Pottery from the Kamares Cave,” in M. H. Wiener, J. L. Warner, J. Polonsky, and E. E Hayes (eds.), Pottery and Society: The Impact of Recent Studies in Minoan Pottery [Gold Medal Colloquium in Honor of Philip P. Betancourt] (Boston 2006) 73-93.

A. Van de Moortel, “The Phaistos Palace and the Kamares Cave: A Special Relationship,” in W. Gauss, M. Lindblom, R. A. K. Smith, and J. C. Wright (eds.), Our Cups Are Full: Pottery and Society in the Aegean Bronze Age (Oxford 2011) 306-318.

A. Vasilakis, “Minoïke keramike apo to Idaion Antron,” Pepragmena tou ΣΤ' Diethnous Kretologikou Synedriou (Chania 1990) A1: 125-130.

P. Vilaki and N. Daskalakis, “Iero koryphes Vrysina: plastikes morphes os epithet diakosmese angeion,” Archaiologiko Ergo Kretes 2(2012) 393-398.

L. V. Watrous, “Some Observations on Minoan Peak Sanctuaries,” in R. Laffineur and W.-D. Niemeier (eds.), POLITEIA: Society and State in the Aegean Bronze Age [Aegaeum 12] (Liège/Austin1995) II: 393-403.

L. V. Watrous, The Cave Sanctuary of Zeus at Psychro: A Study of Extra-Urban Sanctuaries in Minoan and Early Iron Age Crete [Aegaeum 15] (Liège/Austin 1996).

L. V. Watrous, “New Pottery from the Psychro Cave and its Implications for Minoan Crete,” BSA 99(2004) 129-147.

A. Yasur-Landau and N. Goshen, “The Reformed Mountains: Political and Religious Landscapes in the Aegean and the Levant,” in G. Touchais, R. Laffineur, and F. Rougemont (eds.), PHYSIS: L’environnement naturel et la relation homme-milieu dans le monde égéen protohistorique [Aegaeum 37] (Liège 2014) 159-164.

M. Zeimbeki, The Typological Forms and Functions of Animal Figures from Minoan Peak Sanctuaries with Special Reference to Juktas and Kophinas (PhD dissertation, University of Bristol 1998).

M. Zeimbeki, “The Organization of Votive Production and Distribution in the Peak Sanctuaries of State Society Crete: A Perspective Offered by the Juktas Clay Animal Figurines,” in G. Cadogan, E. Hatzaki, and A. Vasilakis (eds.), Knossos: Palace, City, State [BSA Studies 12] (London 2004) 351-361.


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