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Lesson 17.5: The Date of the Santorini Earthquake-and-Eruption Sequence

[see also “Absolute Chronology of the Late Bronze Age in the Aegean” under “Chronology and Terminology Resources” in the “Chronology Overview” section]

Lesson 17 Bibliography: Akrotiri on Thera, the Santorini Volcano, and the Middle and Late Cycladic Periods in the Central Aegean Islands

M. J. Aitken, H. N. Michael, P. P. Betancourt, and P. M. Warren, “The Thera Eruption: Continued Discussion of the Dating,” Archaeometry 30(1988) 164-182.

P. Cherubini, T. Humbel, H. Beeckman, H. Gärtner, D. Mannes, et al., “Bronze Age Catastrophe and Modern Controversy: Dating the Santorini Eruption,” Antiquity 88(2015) 267-291.

E. N. Davis, “A Storm in Egypt during the Reign of Ahmose,” TAW III.3(1990) 232-235.

T. Fantuzzi, A Reassessment of the Debate on Late Minoan I and Interlinked Chronologies through Radiocarbon and Comparative Analysis (PhD dissertation, Università Ca’Foscari Venezia 2019). 

P. M. Fischer, “The Chronology of Tell el-'Ajjul, Gaza,” in D. A. Warburton (ed.), Time's Up! Dating the Minoan Eruption of Santorini [Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens 10] (Athens 2009) 253-266.

P. Forsyth, “The Pre-Eruption Shape of Bronze Age Thera: A New Model,” The Ancient History Bulletin 10(1996) 1-10.

K. P. Foster and R. K. Ritner, “Texts, Storms, and the Thera Eruption,” JNES 55(1996) 1-14.

K. P. Foster, J. H. Sterba, G. Steinhauser, and M. Bichler, “The Thera Eruption and Egypt: Pumice, Texts and Chronology,” in D. A. Warburton (ed.), Time's Up! Dating the Minoan Eruption of Santorini [Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens 10] (Athens 2009) 171-180.

W. L. Friedrich and J. Heinemeier, “The Minoan Eruption of Santorini Radiocarbon Dated to 1613 + 13 BC,” in D. A. Warburton (ed.), Time's Up! Dating the Minoan Eruption of Santorini [Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens 10] (Athens 2009) 56-64.

W. L. Friedrich, B. Kromer, M. Friedrich, J. Heinemeier, T. Pfeiffer, and S. Talamo, “Santorini Eruption Radiocarbon Dated to 1627-1600 BC: Further Discussion,” in S. W. Manning and M. J. Bruce (eds.), Tree-Rings, Kings, and Old World Archaeology and Environment: Papers Presented in Honor of Peter Ian Kuniholm (Oxford 2009) 293-298.

H. Goedicke, “The Chronology of the Thera/Santorini Explosion,” Ägypten und Levante 3(1992) 60-61.

C. U. Hammer, H. B. Clausen, W. L. Friedrich, and H. H. Taubert, “A Minoan Eruption of Santorini in Greece Dated to 1645 B.C,” Nature 328(1987) 517-519.

J. Heinemeier, W. L. Friedrich, B. Kromer, and C. Bronk Ramsey, “The Minoan Eruption of Santorini Radiocarbon Dated,” in D. A. Warburton (ed.), Time's Up! Dating the Minoan Eruption of Santorini [Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens 10] (Athens 2009) 285-294.

F. Höflmayer, “Aegean-Egyptian Synchronisms and Radiocarbon Chronology,” in D. A. Warburton (ed.), Time's Up! Dating the Minoan Eruption of Santorini [Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens 10] (Athens 2009) 187-196.

F. Höflmayer, “The Date of the Minoan Santorini Eruption: Quantifying the ‘Offset’,” Radiocarbon 54(2012) 435-448.

R. A. Housley, R. E. M. Hedges, L. A. Law, and C. R. Bronk, “Radiocarbon Dating by AMS of the Destruction of Akrotiri,” TAW III.3(1990) 207-215.

M. K. Hughes, “Ice-layer Dating of the Eruption of Santorini,” Nature 335(1988) 211-212.

H. Hunger, “How Uncertain is Mesopotamian Chronology?,” in D. A. Warburton (ed.), Time's Up! Dating the Minoan Eruption of Santorini [Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens 10] (Athens 2009) 145-152.

S. Kariotes, “Akroteri Theras. Mia prote anagnose tes stromatographikes akolouthias sten Plateia Diplon Keraton,” in A. Vlachopoulos and K. Birtacha (eds.), ARGONAUTIS: Timetikos tomos yia ton Kathegete Christo G. Douma apo tous mathetes tou sto Panepistimio Athenon (1980-2000) (Athens 2003) 419-444.

D. J. Keenan, “Volcanic Ash Retrieved from the GRIP Ice Core Is Not from Thera,” Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 4:11(2003) 1097, doi:10.1029/2003GC000608. [http://www.informath.org/G^303a.pdf] 

V. Klontza-Jaklová, “Datierung der Katastrophe von Santorini. Kurze Zusammenfassung des bisherigen Standes der Forschung und vorherrschende Tendenzen,” in Forschungen und Methoden vom Mittelmeerraum bis zum Mitteleuropa [Anodos Supplement 4] (Trnava 2007) 13-57.

R. Knauss and D. A. Warburton, “The Basis for the Egyptian Dates,” in D. A. Warburton (ed.), Time's Up! Dating the Minoan Eruption of Santorini [Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens 10] (Athens 2009) 125-144.

P. I. Kuniholm, “Overview and Assessment of the Evidence for the Date of the Eruption of Thera,” TAW III.3(1990) 13-18.

P. I. Kuniholm, B. Kromer, S. W. Manning, M. Newton, C. E. Latini, and M. J. Bruce, “Anatolian Tree Rings and the Absolute Chronology of the Eastern Mediterranean, 2220-718 B.C.,” Nature 381(1996) 780-783.

J. A. MacGillivray, “Thera, Hatshepsut, and the Keftiu: Crisis and Response,” in D. A. Warburton (ed.), Time's Up! Dating the Minoan Eruption of Santorini [Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens 10] (Athens 2009) 154-170.

S. W. Manning, “The Thera Eruption: The Third Congress and the Problem of the Date,” Archaeometry 32(1990) 91-100.

S. W. Manning, A Test of Time: The Volcano of Thera and the Chronology and History of the Aegean and East Mediterranean in the mid-Second Millennium B.C. (Oxford 1999).

S. W. Manning, “Clarifying the ‘High’ vs. ‘Low’ Aegean/Cypriot Chronology for the Mid-Second Millennium B.C.: Assessing the Evidence, Interpretive Frameworks, and Current State of the Debate,” in M. Bietak and E. Czerny (eds.), The Synchronization of Civilisations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C. III: Proceedings of the SCIEM 2000 – 2nd Euroconference (Vienna 2007) 101-137.

S. W. Manning, “Beyond the Santorini Eruption: Some Notes on Dating the Late Minoan IB Period on Crete and Implications for Cretan-Egyptian Relations in the 15th Century BC (and Especially LM II),” in D. A. Warburton (ed.), Time's Up! Dating the Minoan Eruption of Santorini [Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens 10] (Athens 2009) 207-226.

S. W. Manning, A Test of Time and a Test of Time Revisited: The Volcano of Thera and the Chronology and History of the Aegean and East Mediterranean in the Mid-Second Millennium B.C.E. (Oxford 2014).

S. W. Manning and C. Bronk Ramsey, “The Dating of the Earlier Late Minoan IA Period,” in D. A. Warburton (ed.), Time's Up! Dating the Minoan Eruption of Santorini [Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens 10] (Athens 2009) 227-246.

S. W. Manning, C. Bronk Ramsey, W. Kutschera, T. Higham, B. Kromer, P. Steier, and E. M. Wild, “Dating the Santorini/Thera Eruption by Radiocarbon: Further Discussion (AD 2006-2007),” in S. W. Manning and M. J. Bruce (eds.), Tree-Rings, Kings, and Old World Archaeology and Environment: Papers Presented in Honor of Peter Ian Kuniholm (Oxford 2009) 299-316.

S. W. Manning, F. Höflmayer, N. Moeller, M. W. Dee, C. Bronk Ramsey, D. Fleitmann, T. Higham, W. Kutschera, and E. M. Wild, “Dating the Thera (Santorini) Eruption: Coherent Archaeological and Scientific Evidence Supporting a High Chronology,” Antiquity 88(2014) 1164-1179.

S. W. Manning et al., “Radiocarbon Offsets and Old World Chronology as Relevant to Mesopotamia, Egypt, Anatolia and Thera (Santorini),” Scientific Reports 10(2020) 13785.

R. Merrillees, “Chronological Conundrums: Cypriot and Levantine Imports from Thera,” in D. A. Warburton (ed.), Time's Up! Dating the Minoan Eruption of Santorini [Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens 10] (Athens 2009) 247-252.

J. D. Muhly, “Egypt, the Aegean and Late Bronze Age Chronology in the Eastern Mediterranean,” JMA 4(1991) 235-247 [with response by S. W. Manning, ibid., 249-262].

R. Muscheler, “14C and 10Be around 1650 cal BC,” in D. A. Warburton (ed.), Time's Up! Dating the Minoan Eruption of Santorini [Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens 10] (Athens 2009) 275-284.

W.-D. Niemeier, “Die Katastrophe von Thera und die spätminoische Chronologie,” JdI 95(1980) 1-76.

C. L. Pearson, P. W. Brewer, D. Brown, T. J. Heaton, G. W. L. Hodgins, A. J. T. Jull, T. Lange, and M. W. Salzer, “Annual Radiocarbon Record Indicates 16th Century BCE Date for the Thera Eruption,” Science Advances 2018; 4:eaar8241 (15 August 2018) 1-7.

L. Platon, “Etan oi Theraioi kerameis oi protoporoi demiourgoi tou kormou tou minoïkou YM IB schematologiou? Paratereseis sten typologia ton ylinon angeion apo ton YK I/YMIA oikismo tou Akroteriou,” in E. Mantzourani and N. Marinatos (eds.), Spyridon Marinatos 1901-1974: E zoe kai e epoche tou [His Life and Times] (Athens 2014) 223-242.

D. M. Pyle, “The Application of Tree-Ring and Ice Core Studies to the Dating of the Minoan Eruption,” TAW III.3(1990) 167-173.

J. F. Quack, “Gibt es in Ägypten schriftliche Quellen zum Thera-Ausbruch?,” in H. Meller, F. Bertemes, H.-R. Bork, and R. Risch (eds.), 1600 – Kultureller Umbruch im Schatten des Thera-Ausbruchs? [1600 – Cultural Change in the Shadow of the Thera-Eruption?] (Halle 2013) 221-233.

M. Schoch, “Die naturwissenschaftliche Datierung des spätbronzezeitlichen Vulkanausbruchs von Santorin. Eine kritische Diskussion,” Thetis 4(1997) 51-62.

A. H. Sørensen, “An Update on the Chronological Value of Minoica in the Levant and Cyprus,” in D. A. Warburton (ed.), Time's Up! Dating the Minoan Eruption of Santorini [Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens 10] (Athens 2009) 267-274.

P. M. Warren, “The Minoan Civilisation of Crete and the Volcano of Thera,” Journal of the Ancient Chronology Forum 4(1990-91) 29-39.

P. M. Warren, “LM IA: Knossos, Thera, Gournia,” in P. P. Betancourt, V. Karageorghis, R. Laffineur, and W.-D. Niemeier (eds.), MELETEMATA: Studies in Aegean Archaeology Presented to Malcolm H. Wiener as He Enters His 65th Year [Aegaeum 20] (Liège/Austin 1999) 893-903.

P. M. Warren, “The Date of the Thera Eruption in Relation to Aegean-Egyptian Interconnections and the Egyptian Historical Chronology,” in E. Czerny, I. Hein, H. Hunger, D. Melman, and A. Schwab (eds.), Timelines: Studies in Honour of Manfred Bietak (Leuven 2006) II: 305-321.

P. M. Warren, “A New Pumice Analysis from Knossos and the End of Late Minoan IA,” in M. Bietak and E. Czerny (eds.), The Synchronization of Civilisations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C. III: Proceedings of the SCIEM 2000 – 2nd Euroconference (Vienna 2007) 495-500.

P. M. Warren, “The Date of the Late Bronze Age Eruption of Santorini,” in D. A. Warburton (ed.), Time's Up! Dating the Minoan Eruption of Santorini [Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens 10] (Athens 2009) 181-186.

P. M. Warren, “The Date of the Late Bronze Age Eruption of Santorini on the Basis of the Historical Chronology,” Pasiphae 5(2011) 67-72.

M. H. Wiener, “The State of the Debate about the Date of the Theran Eruption,” in D. A. Warburton (ed.), Time's Up! Dating the Minoan Eruption of Santorini [Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens 10] (Athens 2009) 197-206.

M. H. Wiener and J. W. Earle, “Radiocarbon Dating of the Theran Eruption,” in R. H. Tykot (ed.), Proceedings of the 38th International Symposium on Archaeometry, May 10th-14th 2010, Tampa, Florida [Open Journal of Archaeometry 2(2014) 5265].

M. H. Wiener, W. L. Friedrich, and S. W. Manning, “Thera Discussion,” in S. W. Manning and M. J. Bruce (eds.), Tree-Rings, Kings, and Old World Archaeology and Environment: Papers Presented in Honor of Peter Ian Kuniholm (Oxford 2009) 317-332.

G. A. Zielinski and M. S. Germani, "New Ice Core Evidence Challenges the 1620s B.C. Age for the Santorini (Minoan) Eruption," JAS  25(1998) 279-289.


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