Skip to content

Lesson 17.4: The Volcanic Eruption and its Effects

Lesson 17 Bibliography: Akrotiri on Thera, the Santorini Volcano, and the Middle and Late Cycladic Periods in the Central Aegean Islands

P. P. Betancourt, “Evidence from Pseira for the Santorini Eruption,” in D. A. Warburton (ed.), Time's Up! Dating the Minoan Eruption of Santorini [Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens 10] (Athens 2009) 101-106.

M. Bichler, K. Wartmann, J. H. Sterba, and G. Steinhauser, “Provenancing Tephra from Archaeologically Stratified Soil Samples from Palaikastro, Crete,” in C. Knappett and T. Cunningham, Palaikastro Block M: The Proto- and Neopalatial Town [BSA Supplementary Volume 47] (London 2012) 323-326.

A. Bond and R. S. J. Sparks, “The Minoan Eruption of Santorini, Greece,” Journal of the Geological Society of London 132(1976) 1-16.

T. M. Brogan and C. Sofianou, “Papadiokambos: New Evidence for the Impact of the Theran Eruption,” in D. A. Warburton (ed.), Time's Up! Dating the Minoan Eruption of Santorini [Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens 10] (Athens 2009) 117-124.

P. C. Buckland, A. J. Dugmore, and K. J. Edwards, “Bronze Age Myths? Volcanic Activity and Human Response in the Mediterranean and North Atlantic Regions,” Antiquity 71(1997) 581-593.

G. Cadogan et al., “Volcanic Glass Shards in Late Minoan I Crete,” Antiquity 46(1972) 310-313.

A. Cadoux, B. Scaillet, S. Bekki, C. Oppenheimer, and T. H. Druitt, “Stratospheric Ozone Destruction by the Bronze-Age Minoan Eruption (Santorini Volcano, Greece),” Scientific Reports 5(2015) 12243. [https://doi.org/10.1038/srep12243]

E. N. Davis, “A Storm in Egypt during the Reign of Ahmose,” TAW III.3(1990) 232-235.

C. Doumas, “The Minoan Eruption of the Santorini Volcano,” Antiquity 48(1974) 110-115.

C. Doumas, “The Elements at Akrotiri,” TAW III.1(1990) 24-30.

W. S. Downey and D. H. Tarling, “Archaeomagnetism, Santorini Volcanic Eruptions and Fired Destruction Levels on Crete,” Nature 309(1984) 519-523 and 313(1985) 75.

J. Driessen, “’Crisis Architecture’? Some Observations on Architectural Adaptations as Immediate Responses to Changing Socio-cultural Conditions,” Topoi 5(1995) 63-88.

J. Driessen, “Towards an Archaeology of Crisis: Defining the Long-term Impact of the Bronze Age Santorini Eruption,” in R. Torrence and J. Grattan (eds.), Natural Disasters and Cultural Change (London/New York 2002) 250-263.

J. Driessen, “The Santorini Eruption. An Archaeological Investigation of Its Distal Impacts on Minoan Crete,” Quaternary International 499(2019) 195-202.

S. Dunn, “From Iuktas to Thera: People and Their Environment in Middle and Late Minoan Crete,” in A. Dakouri-Hild and S. Sherratt (eds.), AUTOCHTHON: Papers Presented to O. T. P. K. Dickinson on the Occasion of His Retirement [BAR-IS 1432] (Oxford 2005) 115-125.

W. J. Eastwood, N. J. G. Pearce, J. A. Westgate, and W. T. Perkins, “Recognition of Santorini (Minoan) Tephra in Lake Sediments from Gölhisar Gölü, Southwest Turkey by Laser Ablation ICP-MS,” JAS 25(1998) 677-687.

W. J. Eastwood, N. J. G. Pearce, J. A. Westgate, W. T. Perkins, H. F. Lamb, and N. Roberts, “Geochemistry of Santorini Tephra in Lake Sediments from Southwest Turkey,” Global and Planetary Change 21(1999) 17.

W. J. Eastwood, J. Tibby, N. Roberts, H. J. B. Birks, and H. F. Lamb, “The Environmental Impact of the Minoan Eruption of Santorini (Thera): Statistical Analysis of Palaeoecological Data from Gölhisar, Southwest Turkey,” The Holocene 12:4(2002) 431-434.

U. Eriksen, W. L. Friedrich, B. Buchardt, H. Tauber, and M. S. Thomsen, “The Strongyle Caldera: Geological, Paleontological and Stable Isotope Evidence from Radiocarbon Dated Stromatolites from Santorini,” TAW III.2(1990) 139-150.

P. Y. Forsyth, “The Pre-Eruption Shape of Bronze Age Thera: A New Model,” Ancient History Bulletin 10(1996) 1-10.

K. P. Foster and R. K. Ritner, “Texts, Storms, and the Thera Eruption,” JNES 55(1996) 1-14.

K. P. Foster and M. Bichler, “Theran Pumice from Egyptian Graves?,” in K. P. Foster and R. Laffineur (eds.), METRON: Measuring the Aegean Bronze Age [Aegaeum 24] (Liège/Austin 2003) 431-439.

W. L. Friedrich, Santorini: Volcano, Natural History, Mythology (Aarhus 2009).

W. L. Friedrich and N. Sigalas, “The Effects of the Minoan Eruption,” in D. A. Warburton (ed.), Time's Up! Dating the Minoan Eruption of Santorini [Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens 10] (Athens 2009) 91-100.

F. Gaignerot-Driessen and J. Driessen, “The Presence of Pumice in LM IIIB Levels at Sissi, Crete,” in E. Mantzourani and P. P. Betancourt (eds.), PHILISTOR. Studies in Honor of Costis Davaras (Philadelphia 2012) 35-42.

R. B. Galloway and Y. Liritzis, “Provenance of Aegean Volcanic Tephras by High-Resolution Gamma-Ray Spectrometry,” Nuclear Geophysics 6(1992) 405-411.

C. U. Hammer, H. B. Clausen, W. L. Friedrich, and H. Tauber, “The Minoan Eruption of Santorini in Greece Dated to 1645 B.C.?,” Nature 328(1987) 517-519.

C. U. Hammer, G. Kurat, P. Hoppe, W. Grum, and H. B. Clausen, “Thera Eruption Date 1645 B.C. Confirmed by New Ice Core Data?,” in M. Bietak (ed.), The Synchronisation of Civilisations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C. II (Vienna 2003) 87-94.

G. Heiken and F. McCoy, “Caldera Development during the Minoan Eruption, Thira, Cyclades, Greece,” Journal of Geophysical Research 89(1984) 8441-8462.

E. N. Johnston, R. S. J. Sparks, J. C. Phillips, and S. Carey, “Revised Estimates for the Volume of the Late Bronze Age Minoan Eruption, Santorini, Greece,Journal of the Geological Society, London 171(2014) 583-590.

D. J. Keenan, “Volcanic Ash Retrieved from the GRIP Ice Core Is Not from Thera,” Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 4:11(2003) 1097, doi:10.1029/2003GC000608. [http://www.informath.org/G^303a.pdf] 

J. Knauss, “Deukalion, die grosse Flut am Parnass und der Vulkanausbruch von Thera,” Antike Welt 18:3(1987) 23-40.

W. Kutschera, M. Bietak, E. M. Wild, C. Bronk Ramsey, M. Dee, R. Golser, K. Kopetzky, P. Stadler, P. Steier, U. Thanheiser, and F. Weninger, “The Chronology of Tell el-Daba: A Crucial Meeting Point of 14C Dating, Archaeology, and Egyptology in the 2nd Millennium BC.,” Radiocarbon 54(2012) 407-422.

J. V. Luce, “Thera and the Devastation of Minoan Crete: A New Interpretation of the Evidence,” AJA 80(1976) 9-16.

S. W. Manning, “Thera, Sulphur, and Climatic Anomalies,” OJA 11(1992) 245-253.

S. W. Manning, The Absolute Chronology of the Aegean Early Bronze Age: Archaeology, History and Radiocarbon (Sheffield 1995) 200-216.

S. W. Manning, “Correction. New GISP2 Ice-core Evidence Supports 17th Century B.C. Date for the Santorini (Minoan) Eruption: Response to Zielinski and Germani (1998),” JAS 25(1998) 1039-1042 (with response by Zielinski and Germani immediately following, 1043-1045).

S. W. Manning, A Test of Time: The Volcano of Thera and the Chronology and History of the Aegean and East Mediterranean in the Mid-Second Millennium B.C. (Oxford 1999).

S. Manning, “Simulation and the Date of the Thera Eruption: Outlining What We Do and Do Not Know from Radiocarbon,” in A. Dakouri-Hild and S. Sherratt (eds.), AUTOCHTHON: Papers Presented to O. T. P. K. Dickinson on the Occasion of His Retirement [BAR-IS 1432] (Oxford 2005) 97-114.

S.W. Manning, “Eruption of Thera/Santorini.,” in E.H. Cline (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of The Bronze Age Aegean (ca. 3000-1000 BC) (Oxford 2010) 457-474.

S. W. Manning and D. A. Sewell, “Volcanoes and History: A Significant Relationship? The Case of Santorini,” in R. Torrence and J. Grattan (eds.), Natural Disasters and Cultural Change (London/New York 2002) 264-291.

S. Marinatos, The Volcanic Destruction of Minoan Crete,” Antiquity 13(1939) 425-439.

S. Martin, “Forced Migration after Natural Disasters: The Late Bronze Age Eruption of Thera,” in J. Driessen (ed.), An Archaeology of Forced Migration: Crisis-induced Mobility and the Collapse of the 13th c. BCE Eastern Mediterranean [Aegis 15] (Louvain-la-Neuve 2018) 107-116.

S. Martin, “Abandoning Akrotiri (Thera): A Comparative Model Approach to Relocation Strategies after Volcanic Eruptions,” in E. Angliker and J. Tully (eds.), Cycladic Archaeology and Research: New Approaches and Discoveries (Oxford 2018) 27-41.

A. R. McBirney, Volcanic Chronology of Santorini,” in D. A. Warburton (ed.), Time's Up! Dating the Minoan Eruption of Santorini [Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens 10] (Athens 2009) 67-72.

F. W. McCoy, The Upper Thera (Minoan) Ash in Deep-sea Sediments: Distribution and Comparison with Other Ash Layers,” TAW II(1980) 57-78.

F. W. McCoy, “The Eruption within the Debate about the Date,” in D. A. Warburton (ed.), Time's Up! Dating the Minoan Eruption of Santorini [Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens 10] (Athens 2009) 73-90.

A Michailidou, “The Final Settlement at Akrotiri on Thera: The Buildings, the People, and the Eruption,” in H. Meller, F. Bertemes, H.-R. Bork, and R. Risch (eds.), 1600 – Kultureller Umbruch im Schatten des Thera-Ausbruchs? [1600 – Cultural Change in the Shadow of the Thera-Eruption?] (Halle 2013) 137-148.

I. Nikolakopoulou, “Akroteri Theras. E pole se katastase ektaktes anankes,” in A. Vlachopoulos and K. Birtacha (eds.), ARGONAUTIS: Timetikos tomos yia ton Kathegete Christo G. Douma apo tous mathetes tou sto Panepistimio Athenon (1980-2000) (Athens 2003) 554-573.

J. Money, “The Destruction of Acrotiri,” Antiquity 47(1973) 50-53.

T. Neuser, “Willkommen sei die Ordnung den das Chaos hat versagt. Die Auswirkungen des Vulkanausbruchs von Akrotiri auf das Selbstverständnis ägäischer Eliten,” in H. Meller, F. Bertemes, H.-R. Bork, and R. Risch (eds.), 1600 – Kultureller Umbruch im Schatten des Thera-Ausbruchs? [1600 – Cultural Change in the Shadow of the Thera-Eruption?] (Halle 2013) 163-176.

W.-D. Niemeier, “Die Auswirkungen der Thera-Eruption im ägäischen Raum,” in H. Meller, F. Bertemes, H.-R. Bork, and R. Risch (eds.), 1600 – Kultureller Umbruch im Schatten des Thera-Ausbruchs? [1600 – Cultural Change in the Shadow of the Thera-Eruption?] (Halle 2013) 177-190.

I. G. Nixon, “The Volcanic Eruption of Thera and Its Effect on the Mycenaean and Minoan Civilizations,” JAS 12(1985) 9-24.

M. Panagiotaki, “The Impact of the Eruption of Thera in the Central Palace Sanctuary at Knossos, Crete,” Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 7(2007) 3-18.

N. J. G. Pearce, J. A. Westgate, S. J. Preece, W. J. Eastwood, W. T. Perkins, and J. S. Hart, “Reinterpretation of Greenland Ice-core Data Recognises the Presence of the Late Holocene Aniakchak Tephra (Alaska), Not the Minoan Tephra (Santorini), at 1645 BC,” in M. Bietak and E. Czerny (eds.), The Synchronization of Civilisations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C. III: Proceedings of the SCIEM 2000 – 2nd Euroconference (Vienna 2007) 139-147.

H. Pichler and W. L. Friedrich, “Mechanism of the Minoan Eruption of Santorini,” TAW III.2(1990) 15-35.

H. Pichler and W. Schiering, “The Thera Eruption and Late Minoan IB Destructions on Crete,” Nature 267(1977) 819-822.

H. Pichler and W. Schiering, “Der spätbronzezeitliche Ausbruch des Thera-Vulkans und seine Auswirkungen auf Kreta,” AA (1980) 1-37.

D. M. Pyle, “New Estimates for the Volume of the Minoan Eruption,” TAW III.2(1990) 113-121.

G. Rapp, S. B. Cooke, and E. Henrickson, “Pumice from Thera (Santorin) Identified from a Greek Mainland Archaeological Excavation,” Science 179(1973) 471-473.

H. Reck, Santorin: Der Werdegang eines Inselvulkans und sein Ausbruch (Berlin 1936).

R. K. Ritner, “The Ahmose ‘Tempest Stela’, Thera and Comparative Chronology,” JNES 73(2014) 1-19.

J. P. Rooney, “The Minoan Tsunami, Part I,” Amphora 6:1(2007) 1-3, 14.

H. Sigurdsson, S. Carey, and J. D. Devine, “Assessment of Mass, Dynamics, and Environmental Effects of the Minoan Eruption of the Santorini Volcano,” TAW III.2(1990) 100-112.

J. S. Soles, “The Impact of the Minoan Eruption of Santorini on Mochlos,” in D. A. Warburton (ed.), Time's Up! Dating the Minoan Eruption of Santorini [Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens 10] (Athens 2009) 107-116.

J. S. Soles and C. Davaras, “Theran Ash in Minoan Crete: New Excavations on Mochlos,” TAW III.3(1990) 89-95.

J. S. Soles, S. R. Taylor, and C. J. Vitaliano, “Tephra Samples from Mochlos and Their Chronological Implications for Neopalatial Crete,” Archaeometry 37(1995) 385-393.

R. S. J. Sparks, “Archaeomagnetism, Santorini Volcanic Eruptions and Fired Destruction Levels on Crete,” Nature 313(1985) 74.

R. S. J. Sparks, “Comment on 'The Volcanic Eruption of Thera and its Effect on the Mycenaean and Minoan Civilizations' by I. G. Nixon,” JAS 13(1986) 289-290.

D. J. Stanley and H. Sheng, “Volcanic Shards from Santorini (Upper Minoan Ash) in the Nile Delta, Egypt,” Nature 320(1986) 733-735.

D. G. Sullivan, “The Discovery of Santorini Minoan Tephra in Western Turkey,” Nature 333(1988) 552-554.

.

D. G. Sullivan, “Minoan Tephra in Lake Sediments in Western Turkey, Dating the Eruption and Assessing the Atmospheric Dispersal of the Ash,” TAW III.3(1990) 114-119.

C. and D. Vitaliano, “Volcanic Tephra on Crete,” AJA 78(1974) 19-24.

N. D. Watkins et al., “Volume and Extent of the Minoan Tephra from the Santorini Volcano,” Nature 271(1978) 122-126.

M. H. Wiener and J. P. Allen, “Separate Lives: The Ahmose Tempest Stela and the Theran Eruption,” JNES 57(1998) 1-28.

L. Wilson, “Energetics of the Minoan Eruption,” TAW I(1978) 221-228.

L. Wilson, “Some Revisions,” TAW II(1980) 31-35.

G. A. Zielinski and M. S. Germani, “New Ice-core Evidence Challenges the 1620s B.C. Age for the Santorini (Minoan) Eruption,” JAS 25(1998) 279-289.


Lesson Materials